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剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test4)
READINGPASSAGE1
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onthefollowingpages.
Questions1-5
ReadingPassage1hassixsections,A-F.
ChoosethecorrectheadingforsectionsB-Ffromthelistofheadingsbelow.
Writethecorrectnumber,i-ix,inboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.
ListofHeadings
ITheinfluenceofMonbusho
iiHelpinglesssuccessfulstudents
iiiThesuccessofcompulsoryeducation
ivResearchfindingsconcerningachievementsinmaths
vThetypicalformatofamathslesson
viComparativeexpenditureonmathseducation
viiThekeytoJapanesesuccessesinmathseducation
ixTheroleofhomeworkcorrection
ExampleAnswer
SectionAiv
1SectionB
2SectionC
3SectionD
4SectionE
5SectionF
LANDOFTHERISINGSUM
AJapanhasasignificantlybetterrecordintermsofaveragemathematicalattainmentthanEnglandandWales.Largesampleinternationalcomparisonsofpupils’attainmentssincethe1960shaveestablishedthatnotonlydidJapanesepupilsatage13havebetterscoresofaverageattainment,buttherewasalsoalargerproportionof‘low’attainersinEngland,where,incidentally,thevariationinattainmentscoreswasmuchgreater.ThepercentageofGrossNationalProductspentoneducationisreasonablysimilarinthetwocountries,sohowisthishigherandmoreconsistentattainmentinmathsachieved
BLowersecondaryschoolsinJapancoverthreeschoolyears,fromtheseventhgrade(age13)totheninthgrade(age15).Virtuallyallpupilsatthisstageattendstateschools:only3percentareintheprivatesector.Schoolsareusuallymodernindesign,setwellbackfromtheroadandspaciousinside.Classroomsarelargeandpupilssitatsingledesksinrows.Lessonslastforastandardised50minutesandarealwaysfollowedbya10-minutebreak,whichgivesthepupilsachancetoletoffsteam.Teachersbeginwithaformaladdressandmutualbowing,andthenconcentrateonwhole-classteaching.
Classesarelarge—usuallyabout40—andareunstreamed.Pupilsstayinthesameclassforalllessonsthroughouttheschoolanddevelopconsiderableclassidentityandloyalty.Pupilsattendtheschoolintheirownneighbourhood,whichintheoryremovesrankingbyschool.InpracticeinTokyo,becauseoftherelativeconcentrationofschools,thereissomecompetitiontogetintothe‘better’schoolinaparticulararea.
CTraditionalwaysofteachingformthebasisofthelessonandtheremarkablyquietclassestaketheirownnotesofthepointsmadeandtheexamplesdemonstrated.Everyonehastheirowncopyofthetextbooksuppliedbythecentraleducationauthority,Monbusho,aspartoftheconceptoffreecompulsoryeducationuptotheageof15.Thesetextbooksare,onthewhole,small,presumablyinexpensivetoproduce,butwellsetoutandlogicallydeveloped.(Oneteacherwasparticularlykeentointroducecolourandpicturesintomathstextbooks:hefeltthiswouldmakethemmoreaccessibletopupilsbroughtupinacartoonculture.)Besidesapprovingtextbooks,Monbushoalsodecidesthehighlycentralisednationalcurriculumandhowitistobedelivered.
DLessonsallfollowthesamepattern.Atthebeginning,thepupilsputsolutionstothehomeworkontheboard,thentheteacherscomment,correctorelaborateasnecessary.Pupilsmarktheirownhomework:thisisanimportantprincipleinJapaneseschoolingasitenablespupilstoseewhereandwhytheymadeamistake,sothatthesecanbeavoidedinfuture.Noonemindsmistakesorignoranceaslongasyouarepreparedtolearnfromthem.
Afterthehomeworkhasbeendiscussed,theteacherexplainsthetopicofthelesson,slowlyandwithalotofrepetitionandelaboration.Examplesaredemonstratedontheboard;questionsfromthetextbookareworkedthroughfirstwiththeclass,andthentheclassissetquestionsfromthetextbooktodoindividually.Onlyrarelyaresupplementaryworksheetsdistributedinamathsclass.Theimpressionisthatthelogicalnatureofthetextbooksandtheircomprehensivecoverageofdifferenttypesofexamples,combinedwiththerelativehomogeneityoftheclass,rendersworksheetsunnecessary.Atthispoint,theteacherwouldcirculateandmakesurethatallthepupilswerecopingwell.
EItisremarkablethatlarge,mixed-abilityclassescouldbekepttogetherformathsthroughoutalltheircompulsoryschoolingfrom6to15.Teacherssaythattheygiveindividualhelpattheendofalessonorafterschool,settingextraworkifnecessary.Inobservedlessons,anystrugglerswouldbeassistedbytheteacherorquietlyseekhelpfromtheirneighbour.Carefullyfosteredclassidentitymakespupilskeentohelpeachother—anyway,itisintheirinterestssincetheclassprogressestogether.
Thisscarcelyseemsadequatehelptoenableslowlearnerstokeepup.However,theJapaneseattitudetowardseducationrunsalongthelinesof‘ifyouworkhardenough,youcandoalmostanything’.Parentsarekeptcloselyinformedoftheirchildren’sprogressandwillplayapartinhelpingtheirchildrentokeepupwithclass,sendingthemto‘Juku’(privateeveningtuition)ifextrahelpisneededandencouragingthemtoworkharder.Itseemstowork,atleastfor95percentoftheschoolpopulation.
FSowhatarethemajorcontributingfactorsinthesuccessofmathsteachingClearly,attitudesareimportant.EducationisvaluedgreatlyinJapaneseculture;mathsisrecognisedasanimportantcompulsorysubjectthroughoutschooling;andtheemphasisisonhardworkcoupledwithafocusonaccuracy.
Otherrelevantpointsrelatetothesupportiveattitudeofaclasstowardsslowerpupils,thelackofcompetitionwithinaclass,andthepositiveemphasisonlearningforoneselfandimprovingone’sownstandard.Andtheviewofrepetitivelyboringlessonsandlearningthefactsbyheart,whichissometimesquotedinrelationtoJapaneseclasses,maybeunfairandunjustified.Nopoormathslessonswereobserved.Theyweremainlygoodandoneortwowereinspirational.
Questions6-9
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1
Inboxes6-9onyouranswersheet,write
YESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriter
NOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter
NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis
6ThereisawiderrangeofachievementamongstEnglishpupilsstudyingmathsthanamongsttheirJapanesecounterparts.
7ThepercentageofGrossNationalProductspentoneducationgenerallyreflectsthelevelofattainmentinmathematics.
8PrivateschoolsinJapanaremoremodernandspaciousthanstate-runlowersecondaryschools.
9TeachersmarkhomeworkinJapaneseschools.
Questions10-13
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.
Writethecorrectletterinboxes10-13onyouranswersheet.
10MathstextbooksinJapaneseschoolsare
Acheapforpupilstobuy
Bwellorganizedandadaptedtotheneedsofthepupils.
CwrittentobeusedinconjunctionwithTVprogrammes.
DnotverypopularwithmanyJapaneseteachers.
11Whenanewmathstopicisintroduced,
Astudentsanswerquestionsontheboard.
Bstudentsrelyentirelyonthetextbook.
Citiscarefullyandpatientlyexplainedtothestudents.
Ditisusualforstudentstouseextraworksheets.
12Howdoschoolsdealwithstudentswhoexperiencedifficulties
ATheyaregivenappropriatesupplementarytuition.
BTheyareencouragedtocopyfromotherpupils.
CTheyareforcedtoexplaintheirslowprogress.
DTheyareplacedinamixed-abilityclass.
13WhydoJapanesestudentstendtoachieverelativelyhighratesofsuccessinmaths
AItisacompulsorysubjectinJapan.
BTheyareusedtoworkingwithouthelpfromothers.
CMucheffortismadeandcorrectanswersareemphasized.
Dthereisastrongemphasisonrepetitivelearning.
READINGPASSAGE2
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.
Biologicalcontrolofpests
Thecontinuousandrecklessuseofsyntheticchemicalsforthecontrolofpestswhichposeathreattoagriculturalcropsandhumanhealthisprovingtobecounter-productive.Apartfromengenderingwidespreadecologicaldisorders,pesticideshavecontributedtotheemergenceofanewbreedofchemical-resistant,highlylethalsuperbugs.
AccordingtoarecentstudybytheFoodandAgricultureOrganisation(FAO),morethan300speciesofagriculturalpestshavedevelopedresistancetoawiderangeofpotentchemicals.Nottobeleftbehindarethedisease-spreadingpests,about100speciesofwhichhavebecomeimmunetoavarietyofinsecticidesnowinuse.
Oneglaringdisadvantageofpesticides’applicationisthat,whiledestroyingharmfulpests,theyalsowipeoutmanyusefulnon-targetedorganisms,whichkeepthegrowthofthepestpopulationincheck.Thisresultsinwhatagroecologistscallthe‘treadmillsyndrome’.Becauseoftheirtremendousbreedingpotentialandgeneticdiversity,manypestsareknowntowithstandsyntheticchemicalsandbearoffspringwithabuilt-inresistancetopesticides.
Thehavocthatthe‘treadmillsyndrome’canbringaboutiswellillustratedbywhathappenedtocottonfarmersinCentralAmerica.Intheearly1940s,baskinginthegloryofchemical-basedintensiveagriculture,thefarmersavidlytooktopesticidesasasuremeasuretoboostcropyield.Theinsecticidewasappliedeighttimesayearinthemid-1940s,risingto28inaseasoninthemid-1950s,followingthesuddenproliferationofthreenewvarietiesofchemical-resistantpests.
Bythemid-1960s,thesituationtookanalarmingturnwiththeoutbreakoffourmorenewpests,necessitatingpesticidesprayingtosuchanextentthat50%ofthefinancialoutlayoncottonproductionwasaccountedforbypesticides.Intheearly1970s,thesprayingfrequentlyreached70timesaseasonasthefarmerswerepushedtothewallbytheinvasionofgeneticallystrongerinsectspecies.
Mostofthepesticidesinthemarkettodayremaininadequatelytestedforpropertiesthatcausecancerandmutationsaswellasforotheradverseeffectsonhealth,saysastudybyUnitedStatesenvironmentalagencies.TheUnitedStatesNationalResourceDefenseCouncilhasfoundthatDDTwasthemostpopularofalonglistofdangerouschemicalsinuse.
Inthefaceoftheescalatingperilsfromindiscriminateapplicationsofpesticides,amoreeffectiveandecologicallysoundstrategyofbiologicalcontrol,involvingtheselectiveuseofnaturalenemiesofthepestpopulation,isfastgainingpopularity—though,asyet,itisanewfieldwithlimitedpotential.Theadvantageofbiologicalcontrolincontrasttoothermethodsisthatitprovidesarelativelylow-cost,perpetualcontrolsystemwithaminimumofdetrimentalside-effects.Whenhandledbyexperts,bio-controlissafe,non-pollutingandself-dispersing.
TheCommonwealthInstituteofBiologicalControl(CIBC)inBangalore,withitsglobalnetworkofresearchlaboratoriesandfieldstations,isoneofthemostactive,non-commercialresearchagenciesengagedinpestcontrolbysettingnaturalpredatorsagainstparasites.CIBCalsoservesasaclearing-housefortheexportandimportofbiologicalagentsforpestcontrolworld-wide.
CIBCsuccessfullyusedaseed-feedingweevil,nativetoMexico,tocontroltheobnoxiouspartheniumweed,knowntoexertdeviousinfluenceonagricultureandhumanhealthinbothIndiaandAustralia.SimilarlytheHyderabad-basedRegionalResearchLaboratory(RRL),supportedbyCIBC,isnowtryingoutanArgentinianweevilfortheeradicationofwaterhyacinth,anotherdangerousweed,whichhasbecomeanuisanceinmanypartsoftheworld.AccordingtoMrsKaiserJamilofRRL,‘TheArgentinianweevildoesnotattackanyotherplantandapairofadultbugscoulddestroytheweedin4-5days.’CIBCisalsoperfectingthetechniqueforbreedingparasitesthatpreyon‘disapenescale’insects—notoriousdefoliantsoffruittreesintheUSandIndia.
Howeffectivelybiologicalcontrolcanbepressedintoserviceisprovedbythefollowingexamples.Inthelate1960s,whenSriLanka’sflourishingcoconutgroveswereplaguedbyleaf-mininghispides,alarvalparasiteimportedfromSingaporebroughtthepestundercontrol.AnaturalpredatorindigenoustoIndia,Neodumetiasangawani,wasfoundusefulincontrollingtheRhodesgrass-scaleinsectthatwasdevouringforagegrassinmanypartsoftheUS.ByusingNeochetinabruci,abeetlenativetoBrazil,scientistsatKeralaAgriculturalUniversityfreeda12-kilometre-longcanalfromtheclutchesoftheweedSalviniamolesta,popularlycalled‘AfricanPayal’inKerala.About30,000hectaresofricefieldsinKeralaareinfestedbythisweed.
Questions14-17
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.
Writethecorrectletterinboxes14-17onyouranswersheet.
14Theuseofpesticideshascontributedto
Aachangeinthewayecologiesareclassifiedbyagroecologists.
Banimbalanceinmanyecologiesaroundtheworld.
Cthepreventionofecologicaldisastersinsomepartsofthetheworld.
Danincreaseintherangeofecologieswhichcanbeusefullyfarmed.
15TheFoodandAgricultureOrganisationhascountedmorethan300agriculturalpestswhich
Aarenolongerrespondingtomostpesticidesinuse.
Bcanbeeasilycontrolledthroughtheuseofpesticides.
Ccontinuetospreaddiseaseinawiderangeofcrops.
Dmaybeusedaspartofbio-control’sreplacementofpesticides.
16CottonfarmersinCentralAmericabegantousepesticides
Abecauseofanintensivegovernmentadvertisingcampaign.
Binresponsetotheappearanceofnewvarietiesofpest.
Casaresultofchangesintheseasonsandtheclimate.
Dtoensuremorecottonwasharvestedfromeachcrop.
17Bythemid-1960s,cottonfarmersinCentralAmericafoundthatpesticides
Awerewipingout50%ofthepestsplaguingthecrops.
Bweredestroying50%ofthecroptheyweremeanttoprotect.
Cwerecausinga50%increaseinthenumberofnewpestsreported.
Dwerecosting50%ofthetotalamounttheyspentontheircrops.
Questions18-21
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage2
Inboxes18-21onyouranswersheet,write
Noifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter
NOTGIVENifitimpossibletosaywhatthewritethinksaboutthis
18Disease-spreadingpestsrespondmorequicklytopesticidesthanagriculturalpestsdo.
19Anumberofpestsarenowbornwithaninnateimmunitytosomepesticides.
20Biologicalcontrolentailsusingsyntheticchemicalstotryandchangethegeneticmake-upofthepests’offspring.
21Bio-controlisfreefromdangerundercertaincircumstances.
Questions22-26
Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-I,below.
Writethecorrectletter,A-I,inboxes22-26onyouranswersheet.
22Disapenescaleinsectsfeedon
23Neodumetiasangawaniate
24Leaf-mininghispidesblighted
25AnArgentinianweevilmaybesuccessfulinwipingout
26Salviniamolestaplagues
Aforagegrass.
Bricefields.
Ccoconuttrees.
Dfruittrees.
Ewaterhyacinth.
Fpartheniumweed.
GBrazilianbeetles.
Hgrass-scaleinsects.
Ilarvalparasites.
READINGPASSAGE3
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.
CollectingAntSpecimens
Collectingantscanbeassimpleaspickingupstrayonesandplacingtheminaglassjar,orascomplicatedascompletinganexhaustivesurveyofallspeciespresentinanareaandestimatingtheirrelativeabundances.Theexactmethodusedwilldependonthefinalpurposeofthecollections.Fortaxonomy,orclassification,longseries,fromasinglenest,whichcontainallcastes(workers,includingmajorsandminors,and,ifpresent,queensandmales)aredesirable,toallowthedeterminationofvariationwithinspecies.Forecologicalstudies,themostimportantfactoriscollectingidentifiablesamplesofasmanyofthedifferentspeciespresentaspossible.Unfortunately,thesemethodsarenotalwayscompatible.Thetaxonomistsometimesoverlookswholespeciesinfavourofthosegroupscurrentlyunderstudy,whiletheecologistoftencollectsonlyalimitednumberofspecimensofeachspecies,thusreducingtheirvaluefortaxonomicinvestigations.
Tocollectaswidearangeofspeciesaspossible,severalmethodsmustbeused.Theseincludehandcollecting,usingbaitstoattracttheants,groundlittersampling,andtheuseofpitfalltraps.Handcollectingconsistsofsearchingforantseverywheretheyarelikelytooccur.Thisincludesontheground,underrocks,logsorotherobjectsontheground,inrottenwoodonthegroundorontrees,invegetation,ontreetrunksandunderbark.Whenpossible,collectionsshouldbemadefromnestsorforagingcolumnsandatleast20to25individualscollected.Thiswillensurethatallindividualsareofthesamespecies,andsoincreasetheirvaluefordetailedstudies.Sincesomespeciesarelargelynocturnal,collectingshouldnotbeconfinedtodaytime.Specimensarecollectedusinganaspirator(oftencalledapooter),forceps,afine,moistenedpaintbrush,orfingers,iftheantsareknownnottosting.Individualinsectsareplacedinplasticorglasstubes(1.5-3.0mlcapacityforsmallants,5-8mlforlargerants)containing75%to95%ethanol.Plastictubeswithsecuretopsarebetterthanglassbecausetheyarelighter,anddonotbreakaseasilyifmishandled.
Baitscanbeusedtoattractandconcentrateforagers.Thisoftenincreasesthenumberofindividualscollectedandattractsspeciesthatareotherwiseelusive.Sugarsandmeatsoroilswillattractdifferentspeciesandarangeshouldbeutilised.Thesebaitscanbeplacedeitheronthegroundoronthetrunksoftreesorlargeshrubs.Whenplacedontheground,baitsshouldbesituatedonsmallpapercardsorotherflat,light-colouredsurfaces,orintest-tubesorvials.Thismakesiteasiertospotantsandtocapturethembeforetheycanescapeintothesurroundingleaflitter.
Manyantsaresmallandforageprimarilyinthelayerofleavesandotherdebrisontheground.Collectingthesespeciesbyhandcanbedifficult.Oneofthemostsuccessfulwaystocollectthemistogathertheleaflitterinwhichtheyareforagingandextracttheantsfromit.Thisismostcommonlydonebyplacingleaflitteronascreenoveralargefunnel,oftenundersomeheat.Astheleaflitterdriesfromabove,ants(andotheranimals)movedownwardandeventuallyfalloutthebottomandarecollectedinalcoholplacedbelowthefunnel.Thismethodworksespeciallywellinrainforestsandmarshyareas.Amethodofimprovingthecatchwhenusingafunnelistosifttheleaflitterthroughacoarsescreenbeforeplacingitabovethefunnel.Thiswillconcentratethelitterandremovelargerleavesandtwigs.Itwillalsoallowmorelittertobesampledwhenusingalimitednumberoffunnels.
Thepitfalltrapisanothercommonlyusedtoolforcollectingants.Apitfalltrapcanbeanysmallcontainerplacedinthegroundwiththetoplevelwiththesurroundingsurfaceandfilledwithapreservative.Antsarecollectedwhentheyfallintothetrapwhileforaging.Thediameterofthetrapscanvaryfromabout18mmto10cmandthenumberusedcanvary-fromafewtoseveralhundred.Thesizeofthetrapsusedisinfluencedlargelybypersonalpreference(althoughlargersizesaregenerallybetter),whilethenumberwillbedeterminedbythestudybeingundertaken.Thepreservativeusedisusuallyethyleneglycolorpropyleneglycol,asalcoholwillevaporatequicklyandthetrapswilldryout.Oneadvantageofpitfalltrapsisthattheycanbeusedtocollectoveraperiodoftimewithminimalmaintenanceandintervention.Onedisadvantageisthatsomespeciesarenotcollectedastheyeitheravoidthetrapsordonotcommonlyencounterthemwhileforaging.
Questions27-30
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage3
Inboxes27-30onyouranswersheet,write
TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation
FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation
NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis
27Taxonomicresearchinvolvescomparingmembersofonegroupofants.
28Newspeciesofantsarefrequentlyidentifiedbytaxonomists.
29Rangeisthekeycriterionforecologicalcollections.
30Asinglecollectionofantscangenerallybeusedforbothtaxonomicandecologicalpurposes.
Questions31-36
Classifythefollowingstatementsasreferringto
Ahandcollecting
Busingbait
Csamplinggroundlitter
Dusingapitfalltrap
Writethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD,inboxes31-36onyouranswersheet.
31Itispreferabletotakespecimensfromgroupsofants.
32Itisparticularlyeffectiveforwethabitats.
33Itisagoodmethodforspecieswhicharehardtofind.
34Littletimeandeffortisrequired.
35Separatecontainersareusedforindividualspecimens.
36Non-alcoholicpreservativeshouldbeused.
Questions37-40
Labelthediagrambelow.
ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes37-40onyouranswersheet.
剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文(test4)
PASSAGE1参考译文:
数学崛起之地
上课的班级较大——通常约40人——且不根据智力水平分班。学生在校期间的所有课程都在同一个班级,因此他们有相当强烈的班级认同感和忠诚意识。学生在自己的社区上学,从理论上排除了学校排名。实际上在东京,因为学校相对比较集中,在某些特定区域会存在一些进入“更好的”学校的竞争。
所有的课堂都遵循相同的模式。一上课,学生先把家庭作业的答案写在黑板上,然后由老师讲评、纠正,必要时进行详细解释。学生自己批改作业:这在日本的学校教育中是一条重要原则,因为这样做可以让学生认识到自己在哪里犯了错误,为什么会犯错误,从而避免今后再犯同样的错误。没有人在意你的错误或者无知,只要你能从中有所收获。
D.讨论完家庭作业之后,教师就开始讲解本堂课的主题,速度很慢,有很多重复和详细解释。所有例子都在黑板上演示;课本上的一些问题先在课堂上由大家一起完成,另外一些问题随后再单独布置给每个学生。数学课上,老师只在极少数情况下才会发一些额外的练习册。给人的印象是,课本的逻辑性,其中对各种例子的全面涵盖,再加上学生水平整齐划一,使得练习册无用武之地。布置完作业,教师就会在教室里转一转,以确保所有学生都没有进一步的问题。
这样的帮助似乎并不能让后进的学生跟上班级进度。但是,日本人对待教育的态度所遵循的原则是“只要你足够努力,你就几乎无所不能”。父母能够及时了解到孩子的进步,在帮助孩子跟上班级进度方面起了不少作用,必要时他们会把孩子送到“聚酷(私立夜校补习班)”,并鼓励他们刻苦学习。这种做法好像至少对95%的在校生都能起到作用。
F.那么什么是日本数学教学成功的主要因素呢显然,态度是很重要的。在日本文化中,教育极受重视;数学被视作整个学校教育过程中一门重要的必修科目;刻苦努力和精益求精是重中之重。
其他关乎成功的因素包括班级对后进生的支持态度,班级内没有竞争,积极强调为自己而学习以及提高自身的水平等。“重复乏味的课堂和死记硬背事实性知识”不时被引用来描述日本的课堂,这种观点也许是不公平也不公正的。观摩中并没有看到糟糕的数学课,基本上都不错,且其中一两堂课还让人感到很有启发性。
TEST4PASSAGE2参考译文:
生物防虫法
为了控制害虫,人们不停地大肆使用人工合成的化学药物,而事实证明,这一行为适得其反,给农作物和人类健康带来了威胁。除了造成大规模的生态失调,杀虫剂还催生了一种具有抗药性的新型超级致命病菌。
联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)最近的一项研究显示,超过300种的农业害虫已经对多种强效杀虫剂产生了抗药性。更严重的是,在传播疾病的害虫中,约有100种已经对多种正在使用的杀虫剂产生了免疫力。
使用杀虫剂的一个很明显的缺点在于,尽管它能杀掉害虫,但是它也无意中毁掉了许多有用的有机生物,这些生物能够控制害虫数量的增长。这就导致了农业生态学家所说的“跑步机综合征”。人们知道,因为许多害虫都具有强大的繁殖潜力和基因多样性,所以它们能够抵抗各种合成的化学药品,它们生育的后代则拥有与生俱来的抗药性。
“跑步机综合征”的巨大破坏力在中美洲棉农的遭遇中得到了展现。20世纪40年代早期,人们正陶醉在以化学药品为基础的密集型农业所带来的繁荣之中。为了确保增产,农民们疯狂地使用农药。在20世纪40年代中期,一年要用8次杀虫剂。到了20世纪50年代中期,由于3种新型抗药害虫的数量突然猛增,用药次数增至一季度28次。
到20世纪60年代中期,情况变得越发令人不安,又出现了4种新害虫,使得喷洒农药的费用占到了棉花生产费用的50%。20世纪70年代初,拥有更强基因的害虫继续人侵农田,农民被逼到了绝境,农药喷洒作业频繁到了一季度70次。
美国环保机构的一项研究显示,当今市场上的大部分农药的致癌性、引发基因突变的特性和其他危害健康的性质仍未经过足够的检测。美国国家资源保护委员会发现,在一长串投入使用的危险化学药品当中,DDT(过去常用的一种无色农药)的应用最为广泛。
位于班加罗尔的英联邦生物防治研究所(CIBC)是从事害虫的生物防治研究工作最活跃的非营利性研究机构之一,拥有遍布全球的研究实验室和野外站,它致力于研究通过投放寄生虫的天敌来实施生物控制。同时,它也是一个全球性的虫害防治生物制剂进出口信息交换机构。
银胶菊曾经严重影响印度和澳大利亚的农业和人类健康。CIBC引入了一种专吃银胶菊种子的墨西哥象鼻虫,并成功地控制住了这种令人讨厌的银胶菊的蔓延。无独有偶,一种水葫芦给世界上许多地方的人们都造成了困扰和麻烦。鉴于此,受CIBC资助的位于海得拉巴的区域研究实验室(RRL)正在试验用一种阿根廷象鼻虫消灭这种危险的杂草。据RRL的KaiserJamil女士透露:“阿根廷象鼻虫不会咬噬其他植物。一对成年的虫子在4~5天之内就能将这种杂草消灭掉。”现在,CIBC正在完善一项繁殖寄生虫的技术来对付一种disapenescale昆虫,这种害虫在美国和印度是臭名昭著的果树脱叶剂。
以下是一些有效实施生物防虫法的案例。20世纪60年代末期,斯里兰卡繁茂的椰子树林遭到了吞噬叶子的hispides的侵害,结果这种害虫被一种引自新加坡的寄生虫幼虫成功地控制住了。在印度,当地一种名叫Neodumetiasangawani的天敌昆虫对于控制罗兹岛的草绒蚁非常有效,后者在美国的很多地方大量吞唾饲草。此外,喀拉拉邦农业大学的科学家利用一种叫做布奇水葫芦象甲的巴西甲虫治理了一条12公里长的运河,消灭了大片大片被喀拉拉邦人叫做耳槐叶萍的槐叶萍,在那里约有30,000公顷的稻田都受到了这种杂草的侵害。
TEST4PASSAGE3参考译文:
采集蚂蚁样本
收集蚂蚁可以很简单,将一只只单独行动的蚂蚁捡起放入玻璃罐中即可。这个过程也可以很复杂,比如完成对一个地区所有物种的详细调查,并且判断它们的相对丰富度。到底使用哪种方法将取决于采集的最终目的。如果出于分类学的目的(也就是归类),可以通过锁定一个蚁巢中包含所有蚁种(包括主要的和次要的工蚁,也包括可能存在的蚁后和蚁王)的一系列样本来确定物种的变种。如果是以生态学研究为目的,最重要的因素就是尽可能多地采集现有不同物种的可辨认样本。然而遗憾的是,这两种方法通常不兼容。分类学家们有时倾向于采集研究中的种群标本而忽视了整个物种,而生态学家们经常只是搜集每个物种的一定数量的样本,因此也就降低了这些样本的分类研究价值。
为了尽可能广泛地搜集物种,我们必须运用多种方法。这些方法包括手工采集法、诱饵采集法、落叶层抽样法和陷阱采集法。手工采集法就是去蚂蚁可能出现的所有地方搜集,包括地面、石头下、原木或地面的其他物体上、地面上的朽木里或树上、植被里、树干上以及树皮下。有可能的话,采集应当从蚁巢或觅食蚂蚁群开始搜集,而且至少采集20至25只蚂蚁。这样就确保了所有蚂蚁个体都属同一物种,从而也提高了详细研究的价值。由于有些物种主要在夜间活动,所以采集不应仅限于白天。标本采集可以使用抽吸器(通常称之为吸虫管)、钳子、质量好的湿油漆刷、或者如果知道蚂蚁不咬人的话,可直接用手采集。单只昆虫可以放在浓度为75%至95%酒精的塑料管或玻璃管(1.5-3.0毫升容量用于小蚂蚁,5-8毫升容量用于较大的蚂蚁)中。塑料管较轻,且万一处理不当的话不易破碎,所以带安全塞的塑料管比玻璃管更好。
诱饵可用来吸引和聚拢觅食者。这种方法通常能够增加采集的个体量,还能吸引那些难以捕捉的物种。我们应该使用糖、肉或油,因为它们能引诱多个不同的物种。这些诱饵可以放置在地面上、树干上或者大灌木丛中。放在地面上时,诱饵应该被放在小纸板或其他平整、浅色的表面上,或者放在试管及小瓶中。这样更容易发现蚂蚁,并且能在它们逃到周围的树叶堆中之前抓住它们。
许多蚂蚁体型小,主要在地面上的树叶层中间和其他废物中觅食。用手采集这些蚂蚁比较困难,最成功的采集方法之一就是聚集蚂蚁们正在其中觅食的落叶,然后从中取出蚂蚁。通常,我们将这些落叶放置在筛子上,下方是一个大漏斗。往往在对漏斗上方进行加热时,随着上面的叶子渐渐变干,蚂蚁(和其他动物)就会向下移动,最终掉下来,从漏斗底部漏出,这样就被收集到了置于漏斗下方的酒精中。这个方法特别适用于雨林和沼泽地区。使用漏斗时,可先用一张粗网筛一下落叶,然后再把落叶放置在漏斗上方,这是一种增加收集量的方法,因为这样做能够去掉大树叶和小树枝,从而把落叶集中起来。在漏斗数量有限的情况下,也能够对更多的落叶进行取样。
剑桥雅思阅读8原文解析(test4)
Passage1
Question1
答案:vii
关键词:background,middle-yearseducation
定位原文:B段第1句“Lowersecondaryschools…”
解题思路:作为LISTOFHEADINGS的第一个题目,此题还是稍有难度的,因为需要通读SectionB的全部内容才能看出这是在讲日本中学的教育背景。如果单纯用首句中的lowersecondaryschools来对应题目中的middle-yearseducation也能够得到答案,但是需要一定程度的大胆推测。正确答案为vii。
Question2
答案:i
关键词:Monbusho
定位原文:C段第2句“Monbusho,aspartof...”最后一句“Monbushoalsodecides...”
解题思路:可以推测出这一段在讲Monbusho的影响。故正确答案为i。
Question3
答案:v
关键词:typicalformat
定位原文:D段第1句“Lessonsallfollow…”
解题思路:读首句就能够判断本题答案,题干中的format与文中的pattern属于同义转述。故正确答案为v。
Question4
答案:ii
关键词:lesssuccessfulstudents
对应原文:E段第1小段第2句“...anystragglers…neighbor.”第2小段的第1句“Parentsarekept…”
解题思路:本题稍有难度,对应信息分布较广。SectionE中第一段的对应句说的是后进生在学校里得到的帮助;第二段的对应句则在讨论家长如何帮助孩子跟上班级的进度。定位词与文中的stragglers属于同义转述。故正确答案为ii。
Question5
答案:viii
关键词:key,successes
定位原文:F段第1小段的第1句“Sowhatarethemajor…”
解题思路:开头设问道:“那么什么是日本数学教学成功的主要因素呢”下面紧接着回答:显然态度是重要的,然后具体解说态度如何重要。其中的contributingfactors与key相对应。故正确答案是viii。
Question6
答案:YES
关键词:Englishpupils,Japanesecounterparts
定位原文:A段第2句“...haveestablishedthatnotonlydidJapanese…”
解题思路:本题解题关键是搞清楚where后面引导的定语从句。在将英日两国13岁学生的成绩进行比较时,作者先说日本学生平均成绩较高,接着说英国低分学生比较多,而且英国学生分数跨度比较大。如果不仔细看,此题目很可能选成NOTGIVEN。
Question7
答案:NO
关键词:GrossNationalProduct
定位原文:A段最后1句话“ThepercentageofGross…”
解题思路:这个问句表明日本投入同样的GNP却能够产生更好的数学成绩,显然,教育水平高低不能单纯以GNP投入论之。此题也具有一定的迷惑性。
Question8
答案:NOTGIVEN
关键词:privateschools,state-runlowersecondaryschools
定位原文:B段
解题思路:本题属于典型的比较关系不存在的NOTGIVEN题目。多个信息词在B部分都出现过,但就是没有提到题目中所说的关系。
Question9
答案:NO
关键词:markhomework
定位原文:D段第3句“Pupilsmarktheir…”
解题思路:学生自己批改作业:这在日本的学校教育中是一条重要原则。本题定位信息比较明确,可轻松判断出答案。
Question10
答案:B
关键词:mathstextbooks,Japaneseschools
定位原文:C段第3句“Thesetextbooks…”
Question11
答案:C
关键词:newmathstopic
定位原文:D段第2段的第1句“Afterthehomeworkhas…”
Question12
答案:A
关键词:experiencedifficulties
定位原文:E段第1段第2句“Teacherssay…”
Question13
答案:C
关键词:relativelyhighratesofsuccess
定位原文:F段第1段的最后1句“Educationis…”
解题思路:C选项意思是“做出更多努力并对正确答案加以强调”,符合文意。
Test4Passage2
Question14
关键词:pesticides
定位原文:第1段第2句“Apartfrom…”
Question15
答案:A
关键词:Food,AgricultureOrganization,morethan300
定位原文:第2段第1句“Accordingtoarecent…”
解题思路:A选项意思是“这些害虫已经对很多杀虫剂不再有反应了”,和文中的resistance对应。
Question16
答案:D
关键词:cottonfarmers,CentralAmerica
定位原文:第4段第1、2句“Thehavocthat…”
解题思路:D选项意思是“(棉农)为了保证更多的产量”,与原文意思相符。
Question17
关键词:mid-1960s,cottonfarmers,CentralAmerica
定位原文:第5段第1句“Bythemid-1960s…”
Question18
关键词:disease-spreadingpest,agriculturalpests
定位原文:第2段最后1句“Nottobeleftbehind…”
Question19
关键词:innateimmunity
Question20
关键词:biologicalcontrol,syntheticchemicals,offspring
定位原文:第7段第1句“…amoreeffectiveandecologicallysoundstrategyofbiologicalcontrol,involving…”
解题思路:一种更加行之有效而健全的生态策略,即生物防虫法,就越来越受欢迎。这种策略主要是有选择性地使用害虫的天敌。通过翻译该句,考生会发现生物防虫法恰恰不涉及使用人造农药,因此题目与原文叙述相反。
Question21
答案:YES
关键词:bio-control,certaincircumstances
定位原文:第7段最后1句“Whenhandledby…”
Question22
关键词:disapenescaleinsects
定位原文:第9段最后1句“CIBCisalso…”
解题思路:破折号后面的同位语成分是对‘disapenescale’insects的解释说明。defoliant指脱叶剂,考生即使不知道它的意思,也能够猜出来这种虫子危害果树。故答案为D。
Question23
答案:H
关键词:Neodumetiasangawani
定位原文:最后1段第3句“Anaturalpredator…”
解题思路:这道题目的解题关键是搞清楚定语从句thatwasdevouringforagegrass的先行词是grass-scaleinsect,而不是Neodumetiasangawani,否则答案很容易就误选A。故答案为H。
Question24
关键词:leaf-mininghispides
定位原文:最后1段第2句“...flourishingcoconutgroveswereplaguedbyleaf-mininghispides...”
解题思路:blighted这个词很多考生不认识,不过通过上下文应该能够轻易猜出是贬义词,指的是leaf-mininghispides祸害了什么。故答案为C。
Question25
答案:E
关键词:Argentinianweevil
定位原文:第9段第2句“...tryingoutanArgentinianweevilfortheeradicationofwaterhyacinth...”
解题思路:wipeout的意思是“消灭”,相当于文中的eradication,故答案为E。
Question26
答案:B
关键词:Salviniamolesta
定位原文:最后1段最后两句话“ByusingNeochetinabruci,abeetle…”
Test4Passage3
Question27
答案:TRUE
关键词:taxonomicresearch
定位原文:第1段第3句“Fortaxonomy,…”
Question28:
答案:NOTGIVEN
关键词:newspecies,taxonomists
定位原文:第1段最后1句“Thetaxonomist…”
Question29:
关键词:range,criterion
定位原文:第1段第4句“Forecologicalstudies…”
Question30:
答案:FALSE
关键词:singlecollection
定位原文:第1段倒数第2句“..thesemethodsarenot…”
解题思路:显然,分类学采集法和生态学采集法不总是兼容的,也就是说一次蚂蚁采集不可以为两种方法共用。
Question31:
关键词:preferable,takespecimensfromgroupofants
定位原文:第2段第5句“Whenpossible,…”
解题思路:有可能的话,采集应当从蚁巢或觅食蚂蚁群开始搜集,而且至少采集20至25只蚂蚁。根据题干定位词可以定位至第2段,而第2段讲的都是手工采集法,很显然答案是A。
Question32:
关键词:effective,wethabitats
定位原文:第4段倒数第3句“Thismethod…”
解题思路:这个方法特别适用于雨林和沼泽地区。第4段讲的是落叶层抽样法,定位词wethabitats与文中的rainforestsandmarshyareas属于同义转述,故正确答案为C。
Question33:
关键词:hardtofind
定位原文:第3段第2句“Thisoftenincreases…”
解题思路:这种方法通常能够增加采集的个体量,还能吸引那些难以捕捉的物种。这道题的解题关键是理解定语从句中的elusive,它就相当于定位词hardtofind,这个词剑桥系列中屡次考到,考生一定要注意。句中的this指的就是诱饵采集法,故答案为B。
Question34:
关键词:littletimeandeffort
定位原文:第5段倒数第2句“Oneadvantageof…”
Question35:
关键词:separatecontainers,individualspecimens
定位原文:第2段倒数第2句“Individualinsects…”
解题思路:定位句中的plasticorglasstubes相当于题目中的separatecontainers,individualinsects相当于individualspecimens。该句位于第2段,从而可以判断出该句讲的是handcollecting。故正确答案为A。
Question36:
关键词:non-alcoholicpreservative
定位原文:第5段倒数第3句“Thepreservativeused…”
解题思路:由于酒精易挥发,瓶子很快就会干了,所以我们使用的防腐剂通常是乙二醇或丙二醇。通过理解原因状语从句,推测出陷阱釆集法中使用的防腐剂应该是无酒精的,对应于题目中的non-alcoholicpreservative,所以答案为D。
Question37-Question40
答案:heatleaflitterscreenalcohol
关键词:funnel
定位原文:第4段内容
解题思路:Thisismostcommonlydonebyplacingleaflitteronascreenoveralargefunnel,oftenundersomeheat.37、38和39三个空位于文中同一句话中,关键要搞清楚最上面是什么,中间是什么,下面又是什么。placingleaflitteronascreen表明leaflitter在screen上面;而后面的overalargefunnel又代表screen是被放置于funnel之上的。因此可以确定图中38和39两个空的答案分别是leaflitter和screen。接着看到undersomeheat,也就是说上述的三样东西都是在这个heat下的,所以最上面的37空应该填heat一词。Astheleaflitterdriesfromabove,…belowthefunnel.这句话中,placedbelowthefunnel是修饰alcohol的,也就是说,funnel下的液体应该是酒精,故正确答案为alcohol。
学习啦小编为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题解析:test3阅读原文解析,希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利,都能取得好成绩!&
学习啦小编为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题解析:test2阅读原文解析,希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利,都能取得好