APet'sDeathCanHurtMoreThanLosingaFellowHuman
丧宠之痛痛于丧亲
DyaniSabin戴妮·萨宾
TheperfectcoffinforagerbilisaCelestialSeasoningsteabox.Withtheteabagsremoved,thewhitewax-paperbaginsideistheidealsizefuneralshroudforatinybody.Thisunfortunatefactoid,likemuchoftheinformationabouthowtodisposeofabelovedpet'sbody,comesfrompersonalexperience.Iburiedfourgerbilsinmybackyardasachild,completewithincenseontheirgravesandafewwords.
Asanadultwithapuppywellonhiswaytobeingover60pounds,Ihadn'tgivenmuchconsiderationtohowI'ddealwithotherpetdeathsuntilafriendaskedme,“thisisaterriblequestion,butwhatdoyoudowhenhedies?”
Idugintothequestion,andasIdidIfoundthatIwasn'taloneinwondering—butthatthereisn'tagreatanswer.
TheexpertsItalkedtoemphasizedthatourrelationshiptopetlosshaschangedoverthelastcentury.“It'snotsurprisingtomethatwefeelsuchgriefoverthelossofapet,becauseinthiscountryatleasttheyareincreasinglyconsideredfamilymembers,”saysLeslieIrvine,asociologistattheUniversityofColorado-Boulder.
Petsbecomefamilymembersbecausetheyactivelyshapehowwelive.“Alotofpeoplewhohavepetswakeupatacertaintime,notbecauseofanyalarmclockoranyneedoftheirownbutbecausetheirdogneedsawalk,”saysIrvine.
Anditisn'tjustadailyritualthatmakespetsfamilial.Weformattachmentstoanimalsinthesamewaythatweformattachmentstopeople,saysCoriBussolari,apsychologistattheUniversityofSanFrancisco.ShepointstoastudyinSciencefrom2015thatfoundwhenpeoplegazedintoadog'seyes,boththepersonandthedoghadincreasedlevelsofoxytocin.Oxytocin,sometimescalledthelovehormone,regulatessocialinteractions.It'sreleasedwhenhumansstareintoeachother'seyes,andwhenparentslookattheirnewbornchildren.“I'msureifyoudidthestudywithotheranimalsitwouldbethesame,”Bussolarisays.
Ialreadyimaginelosingmypuppywillbeharderthanburyingmygerbils,butIalsodidn'tstareintomygerbils'eyesquiteasmuch.Nomatterthespecies,ourbondswithourpetsareunlikeourotherrelationships.Forone,Bussolarisays,they'reentirelydependentonus.Foranother,Irvinesays,“weidealizeanimals,especiallydogs.Wecreatethemasthesealmostangeliccharacters,sowehavethisideaofunconditionalloveforus.”Whentheydie,sheexplains,italmostseemslikeaviolationofthismythoswe'vebuiltaroundthem.
Onapersonallevel,thedeathofapetisoftenaperson'sfirstexposuretothelossofacloserelationship,saysThomasWrobel,apsychologistattheUniversityofMichigan-Flint.Humandeathhasbeenrelativelysanitized,heexplains.Wehaveanindustryforfuneralsandcremations,andyoudon'ttypicallyhavetodealwithadeadbodyyourself.“Withpetsit'salotmoreinyourface,”saysWrobel.“Unlessyoudothecremationoption,you'vegotthisdeaddogyouhavetodealwith,whichisalotmoreintimateexperienceofthedeath.”
Withpets,youalsohavetodecideifyouaregoingtoeuthanize,andwhen.Inastudyof305petowners,Bussolarifoundthatalmostseventypercentchosetoeuthanizetheirpet.It'softenmedicallynecessary—thekindestthingtodoforadyinganimal—butthedecisioncanwracktheownerwithguilt.
Whenyouloseaperson,therearerituals—thefuneral,thememorial—andit'sacceptabletotaketimeoffworkandtalkaboutyourloss.“Whatpeoplegrievingthelossofapetdon'trealizethefirsttimetheyloseapetisthestrengthofthegriefandhowlongitlasts,”saysWendyPackman,apsychologistatPaloAltoUniversity.“Soitsurprisesthegriever,anditreallysurprisesthepeoplewhoaren'tsympathetictopetloss.”AlthoughPackmanhasfoundthatthedepthandlengthofgriefissimilartohowwegrievepeople,thissocialstigmacausesittofeelmorepainful.
对一只沙鼠来说,诗尚草本茶叶公司的茶盒就是一副完美的寿棺。取出袋装茶,里面白色的蜡纸衬袋拿来裹住娇小的身躯,大小刚刚好。跟很多介绍怎样处置心爱宠物的尸体的信息一样,这一令人叹惋的亦真亦假场景来自个人经历。孩童时期的我把4只沙鼠埋在后院,正儿八经地在它们的坟头焚上几炷香、说上几句话。
现在,作为成年人,养着一只体重直逼60磅以上的小狗,我从来没有好好想过宠物死了该怎么办,直到有位朋友问我:“这是一个令人不快的问题,他死了你怎么办?”
我认真思考了这个问题,在这个过程中发现不是只有我一个人在琢磨这件事,而且这个问题也没有很好的答案。
我问过的专家们强调,我们与宠物过世的关系在过去一个世纪里发生了变化。科罗拉多大学博尔德分校社会学家莱斯莉·欧文说:“失去宠物让人们非常悲痛,我并不感到吃惊,至少在我们这个国家,人们越来越把宠物当做家人来看待。”
宠物成为家庭成员不仅是因为它们融入我们的日常生活。旧金山大学心理学家科丽·布索拉里说,我们对动物产生情感跟我们对人产生情感的机制是一样的。她指出,《科学》周刊2015年的一篇论文称,当人凝视狗的双眼时,人与狗体内的催产素水平双双上升。催产素又称“爱的荷尔蒙”,可以调节社交。当两人四目相接或者当父母看着刚出生的孩子时,身体就会释放这种物质。布索拉里说:“我敢肯定,换用别的动物来试验也一样。”
我已经猜想失去我的小狗会比当年埋葬沙鼠更令人难过,不过那时我倒也没有这么经常地与沙鼠们四目相接。无论是什么宠物,我们与它们的关系与我们的其他关系通通不同。首先,布索拉里说,宠物完完全全依赖我们。其次,欧文说,“我们会把动物、特别是狗理想化。我们赋予它们几乎天使般的角色,认为它们对我们有无条件的爱”。当它们死去时,那简直像是亵渎了我们围绕它们打造的这个神话。
密歇根大学弗林特分校的心理学家托马斯·弗罗贝尔说,就个人而言,宠物死亡往往是一个人第一次遇到丧失亲密关系的情况。人类的死亡相对来说已经得到了净化处理。我们有专门的丧葬产业,一般不必亲手处理尸体。弗罗贝尔说:“宠物则基本无法回避。如果不选择火葬,死掉的狗总得想个办法来处理,这样一来跟死亡的接触就直接多了。”
另外,对于宠物,我们还得决定是否采用安乐死以及何时采用安乐死。布索拉里调查了305名养宠物的人,发现近70%的人决定对宠物施用安乐死。从医学角度来说,这样做往往是必要的——对一只奄奄一息的动物来说是最仁慈的做法——然而这个决定带来的内疚可能让主人饱受煎熬。