Protectingtheenvironmentiseveryone’sduty.
[注]与不定式的区别
Toprotecttheenvironmentiseveryone’sduty.
*通常情况下两者可以互换
*doing：表示经常性、习惯性的动作
Postmen’sdutyisdeliveringnewspapers.
Mydutythismonthistodelivernewspapers.
4）宾语
*动词后：动词的固定搭配，如：Enjoydoingsth
【雅思写作中常用的后跟动名词的动词】
admit,appreciate,avoid,dread,excuse,forgive,permit,recall,stop
advise,consider,fancy,postpone,recollect,giveup,delay,endure,involve
practive,resent,anticipate,deny,enjoy,mind,prevent,finish,dislike
escape,resist,miss,propose,suggest,forbid,risk,can'thelp,can'tstand
例句：
1.Teleworkerscanavoidwastingtheirpreciousworkingtime.
2.Educationdepartmentsshouldforbidlimitingthenumberoffemalestudentsinsomemajors.
3.Teleworkersmayfearbeingforgottenfortrainingopportunities.
*介词后
1.WorkstresshasbecometheNo.1factorofruiningafamily.
5）表语（系动词后）
Seeingisbelieving.
2.形容词（定语）
【注】与分词的区别
Thesleepingbaby(正在睡觉的小孩）分词：表状态
Thesleepingcar（用来睡觉的车）动名词：表用途
Swimmingpool游泳池
3.逻辑主语
Heinsistsreadingthebook.
Heinsistsmy/mereadingthebook.
动名词充当宾语时，其逻辑主语（有生命）既可为所有格，也可为宾格
但逻辑主语若为无生命的或者是不定代词，则只能使用宾格形式
Students’steppingintothesocietytooearlyaddsgreatlytotheworriesoftheirparents.
Iwasawakenedbysomeoneknockingthedoor.
II.动名词对应的练习
EssentialGrammar-Verbpatterns:Verb+-ing
ThisisacommonverbpatterninEnglish.
Examples
HespendsalotoftimewatchingTV.
Ipreferplayingcomputergamestoswimming.
spend/wastetimedoing+
havetroubledoing
Learntheseverbs:
prefer/like/hate/lovedoing
endupdoing
练习1
Completethesentencesbelowbychoosingthecorrectwordinthebrackets.
a.Thesedays,aproblemformany(parent/parents)isdecidinghowtocontrolinternetaddiction.
b.Many(teenager/teenagers)cannotcontroltheamountof(time/times)theyspend(play/playing)online.
c.Various(study/studies)showthatasignificantnumberofyoung(person/people),especiallyboys,areneglectingtheirschoolworkbecausethey(prefer/prefers)playinggames.
d.InChina,thegovernmentisusingaspecial(program/programs)tolimitthetimethatstudentsofschool(age/ages)spendon(game/gaming).
e.(Player/Players)arerequiredtologonwiththeirIDcardnumbers.
f.Afterthree(hour/hours),theprogramtellsthemtostop(play/playing)andgetsome(exercise/exercises).
g.Ifaplayer(quit/quits),hewill(keep/keeping)hispointsforthatgame.
h.Ifhe(continue/continues)playing,hewill(lose/losing)someorallofhispoints.
练习2Turnthesesentencefragmentsintoashortparagraph.Takecarewith'-ing'forms.Youmayneedtoputmorethanonewordineachgap.
Manyteenagerslike(play)_________,andothersreallyenjoy(use)social____________
suchasXiaonei.Theylike(chat)and(put)photosonthesesites,andtheycan__________hourseveryday(do)theseactivities.However,iftheytime(sit)atthecomputer,theymayhavetrouble(get)enoughexercise,andtheymayendup(have)health________suchas__________.Inaddition,theycouldsufferfrom_________iftheyspendhours(sit)infrontofa_________screen.Another___________isschoolwork.Ifteenagers_________(play)onthecomputer,theymayendupnot(do)theirhomeworkor(be)lateforclass.
Example:
'Growingcropscanbeveryproductiveforsmallfarmers.'
Noticethatgerundsareoftenprecededbyprepositions,suchas'for','by'and'on'.
"Wecanincreasefoodproductionbyimprovingourtechnology.
练习3Inthesentencesbelow,useagerundand,ifnecessary,oneoftheseprepositions:
forbyon
a.Manyfarmersconcentrate_________(grow)____________crops.
b.Governmentsareresponsible_________(support)theirowncountry'sfarmers.
c.(Improve)__________theconditionofthesoilleadstoincreasedproductivity.
d.(Make)________surethattheircropshaveenoughwaterisaconcernforallfarmers.
e.(Raise)_______animalsfortheirmeatisacommonstyleoffarminginmanycountries.
f.Worldhungerwillbereduced_____________(improve)seedquality.
g.(Produce)_____________morefoodisauniversalconcern.
h.(Distribute)___________foodtothosewhoneeditmostisalsoamajorconcern.
i.Amajorissueintheworldtodayis(feed)__________themillionsofpeoplewhoarehungryorstarving.
III.饼图的写作技巧：
小作文三大要点
*summarizetheinformation
*reportingthemainfeatures
*makingcomparisonwhererelevant
展示：
1）展示、描述
show
describe
demonstrate
illustrate
indicate
图片对应首段描写：
ThepiechartillustratesthefastfoodthatAmericanteenagersfavor.
占据
takeup
constitute
occupy
accountfor
represent
Thepiechartisdividedinto____parts.Thelargestpartis_____,whichmakesup____%andthesecondlargestoneis_____,takingup_____%,followedby_______and________(____%and____%respectively).____%and____%aredueto______and______.
【图片对应练习】
Thepiechartisdividedintosixparts.Thelargestpartishamburgers,whichmakesup33%andthesecondlargestoneispizza,takingup26%,followedbyFrenchfriesandFriedchicken(22%and9%respectively).7%and3%areduetotacosandsushi.
【课文Unit1“model1”范文分析】
Model1
ThepiechartshowsthefastfoodsthatteenagerspreferintheUSA.Ingeneral,teenagerspreferhamburgers,pizzaandFrenchfries.Hamburgersarethemostpopularfoodofall,becausetheyaccountforthelargestproportionofthepiechartat33percent.Pizzaisthesecondmostpopular,andthismakesup26percentofthetotalsurvey.TeenagersalsolikeFrenchfries,whichrepresent22percentofthechart.0nly9and7percentofteenagerschoosefriedchickenandtacosrespectivelysotheyarelesspopularthanthefirstthree.Theleastpopularfastfoodinthissurveyissushi.0nly3percentofteenagerspreferthiskindoffood.
【练习】
WritingPractice
Writeyourownparagraphaboutthepiechartbelow.ThechartshowsthefruitpreferencesofprimaryschoolchildreninNewZealand．Followthetwomodelsinthislessonandfocuscarefullyonthegrammarpointfromthisunit．Trytoincludesomeofthevocabularywordsaswell．
【练习:仿造model】
Bananasarethemostpopularfruitofall,becausetheyaccountforthelargestproportionofthepiechart,at34percent.Strawberriesarethesecondmostpopular,andthismakesup27percentofthetotalsurvey.Primaryschoolchildrenalsolikeoranges,whichrepresent15percentofthechart.0nly14and7percentofprimaryschoolchildrenchooseapplesandpeachesrespectivelysotheyarelesspopularthanthefirstthree.Theleastpopularfruitinthissurveyiskiwifruit.0nly3percentofchildrenpreferthiskindoffruit.
【练习：仿造屏幕模板】
Thepiechartisdividedintosixparts.Thelargestpartisbananas,whichmakesup34%andthesecondlargestoneisstrawberries,takingup27%,followedbyorangesandapples(15%and14%respectively).7%and3%areduetopeachesandkiwifruit.
Lookatthechart,andanswerthequestionswhichfollowwithapartner:
Model2
ThepiechartshowsthebeveragesthathighschoolstudentspreferinChina．Ingeneral，studentsprefersoda，fruitjuiceandmineralwater．SodaisthemostIpopularbeverageofallbecauseitrepresentsthelargestproportionofthepiechart，lat30percent．Highschoolstudentsalsolikefruitjuiceandmineralwater，whichImakeup26％and24％ofthepreferencesrespectively．Only9and7percentofhighschoolstudentschoosecoffeeandtea，SOtheyarelesspopularthanthefirstthree．Theleastpopularbeverageinthissurveyismilk．Thisaccountsforonly4percentofhighschoolstudents’preferences．
【仿造屏幕模板】
Thepiechartisdividedintosixparts.Thelargestpartissoda,whichmakesup30%andthesecondlargestoneisfruitjuice,takingup26%,followedbymineralwaterandcoffee(24%and9%respectively).7%and4%areduetoteaandmilk.
IV.需背单词/词组/句型
ThepiechartshowsthefastfoodsthatteenagerspreferintheUSA.Ingeneral,teenagerspreferhamburgers,pizzaandFrenchfries.Hamburgersarethemostpopularfoodofall,becausetheyaccountforthelargestproportionofthepiechart,at33percent.Pizzaisthesecondmostpopular,andthismakesup26percentofthetotalsurvey.TeenagersalsolikeFrenchfries,whichrepresent22percentofthechart.0nly9and7percentofteenagerschoosefriedchickenandtacosrespectivelysotheyarelesspopularthanthefirstthree.Theleastpopularfastfoodinthissurveyissushi.0nly3percentofteenagerspreferthiskindoffood.
ThepiechartshowsthebeveragesthathighschoolstudentspreferinChina．Ingeneral，studentsprefersoda，fruitjuiceandmineralwater．SodaisthemostIpopularbeverageofallbecauseitrepresentsthelargestproportionofthepiechart,lat30percent．Highschoolstudentsalsolikefruitjuiceandmineralwater，whichImakeup26％and24％ofthepreferencesrespectively.Only9and7percentofhighschoolstudentschoosecoffeeandtea，Sotheyarelesspopularthanthefirstthree．Theleastpopularbeverageinthissurveyismilk．Thisaccountsforonly4percentofhighschoolstudents’preferences．
V.课后练习讲解
Usingpopularandfamous
Choosethecorrectadjectiveforthesentencesbelow:
a.Beefisa___________meatinwesterncountries,butnotinIndia.
b.Madonnaisa___________popsingerandmoviestar.
c.ManyWesternpeoplehaveheardabouttheForbiddenCity,soitisa_________placeinChina.ManypeopleliketogotherewhentheyvisitBeijing,soitisa_______touristdestination.
d.Leehasalotoffriends;heisvery_____________.However,heisnotamoviestarorapopsinger,soheisnot_____________.
e.Themost_____________fastfoodinthesurveyishamburgers,because33%ofteenagerspreferthem.PeopleallovertheworldknowaboutMcDonalds,andmillionsofpeopleeattheirburgers,soMcDonaldsis___________and______________
Usefulwordsfordescribinggraphs
'makeup''represent''accountfor'
Theseareusefulverbphrasesfordescribingpercentages.
Examples:Pizzamakesup26%ofthetotalsurvey.
Hamburgersaccountforthelargestproportionofthepiechart.
Frenchfriesrepresent55%ofthetotal.
Writesentencesusingthesestructures.Useallthreeverbphrases,andwatchsubject/verbagreement.
a.Frenchfries--26%--fastfoodpreferences
b.icecream--biggestpercentage--piechart
c.chips--55%--total
d.friedchicken--15%--survey
e.tacos--12%--total
f.sushi--smallestpercentage--fastfood
EssentialGrammar-Comparativesandsuperlatives
InTask1oftheIELTSwritingitisveryimportanttobeabletousecomparativesandsuperlativesaccurately.
Comparingonethingwithanother
Thing=comparative
Comparingonethingwiththerestof
thegroup=superlative
adjective+er--onesyllableadjectives
biggerthan
adjective+est--onesyllableadjectives
thebiggest
more+adjective--2ormoresyllables
moreexpensivethan
most+adjective--2ormoresyllables
themostexpensive
less+adjective
lesspopularthan
least+adjective
theleastpopular
构成法
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词末尾加-er，-est
tallgreat
tallergreater
tallestgreatest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r，-st
nicelargeable
nicerlargerabler
nicestlargestablest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-est
bighot
biggerhotter
biggesthottest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est
easy
busy
easierbusier
easiestbusiest
少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er，-est
clever
narrow
cleverernarrower
cleverestnarrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。
Important
easily
moreimportantmoreeasily
mostimportantmosteasily
goodwell
better
best
badill
worse
worst
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
句型
Hamburgersaresoldfasterthanpizza.
练习4.Usethedatafromthepiegraphtofillinthegapsinthesesentences.Youwillneedseveralwordsforeachgap.
a.Frenchfries____________________________sushi.
b.Sushi__________________________ofthefastfoodsinthepiechart.
c.Tacos____________________sushi,but_____________________friedchicken.
d.Friedchicken___________________________pizza.
e.Pizzais________second_________________________fastfood.
f.Frenchfries____________________________friedchicken.
g.Hamburgers________________________ofthefastfoods.
h._________third_____________________fastfoodisFrenchfries.
i.Tacos________________________friedchickenandFrenchfries.
j.Pizza_________________hamburgers,but__________________Frenchfries.
Findandmarkthesubjectofeachsentencebelow.
a.Hamburgersarethemostpopularfoodofall.
b.Pizzaislesspopularthanhamburgers.
c.TeenagersalsolikeFrenchfries.
d.Only9and7percentofteenagerschoosefriedchickenandtacosrespectively
e.Theleastpopularfastfoodinthissurveyissushi.
主语的灵活使用
1.1）对象充当主语：对象+V.+数据+of+范围
Hamburgersaccountfor33percentoffastfoodpreference.
Pizzarepresents26percentoffastfoodpreference.
1.2）对象的执行者充当主语:（数据+of+）执行者+V.+对象
33percentofteenagerschoosehamburgers.
26percentofteenagerspreferpizza.
1.3）特征充当主语：特征+be./v.+对象：
Themostpopularfoodishamburgers.
【改写练习】
1．Rewritetheparagraphbelow,varyingthesentencestructurestomatchtheexamplesabove.YoudoNOTneedtoincludeallthewordsgivenbelow.
Pizzaisthemostpopularfastfoodwithteenagers.Hamburgersarelesspopularwithteenagersthanpizza.Frenchfriesarelesspopularwithteenagersthanhamburgers.SushiislesspopularwithteenagersthanFrenchfries.Friedchickenislesspopularwithteenagersthansushi.Tacosarelesspopularwithteenagersthanfriedchicken.
2.Nowadddatatotheparagraphyouhavewritten.Use'makeup','represent'and'accountfor'.
Pizzaisthemostpopularfastfoodwithteenagers(35%).Hamburgersarelesspopularwithteenagersthanpizza(23%).Frenchfriesarelesspopularwithteenagersthanhamburgers(20%).SushiislesspopularwithteenagersthanFrenchfries(11%).Friedchickenislesspopularwithteenagersthansushi(9%).Tacosarelesspopularwithteenagersthanfriedchicken(2%).