瑞银丑闻真相:倒霉与流氓交易仅一线之隔

到底什么样的人算“流氓”?我们到thefreedictionary.com网站查了查,第一个定义是“目无法纪、欺诈成性且靠不住的人”。根据这个定义,瑞银集团(UBS)雇员中符合这个描述的恐怕不止奎库阿多博利一个。据指控,阿多博利的违规交易导致瑞银亏损了23亿美元左右。显然,他的举动之所以被归入“流氓”行为并不单单因为他亏损了20多亿美元,而是因为他亏掉的是银行自己的钱。

你或许会觉得我们没有必要这样愤世嫉俗,且听我们解释:

去年,世界证券交易所联合会(theWorldFederationofExchanges)根据国别进行了一项针对同日确认(SDA)的调查。交易确认是一只毛茸茸的老鼠,蜗居在华尔街一个毫不起眼的角落,也就是运营与后台部门(OperationsandBackOffice)阴暗的墙角。人们现在才发现,这个部门时至今日还在靠回形针和橡皮筋工作,而高频交易员们使用的电脑则排成了行,足以使《太空堡垒卡拉狄加》(BattlestarGalactica)里的首席武器官垂涎三尺。

这个行业盈利的部门,即销售与交易,霸占了所有的荣耀、所有风头和所有的资产。而交易处理部门几乎总是跟在后面望尘莫及。瑞银集团的这起丑闻却使负责交易后事务的部门进入了公众的视线。根据《金融时报》(theFinancialTimes)的报道,这位被指违规操作的瑞银交易员非常熟悉确认程序,了解“已经完成交易的确认程序……可以在交割完成后再进行”。公司可能在卖家向买家确认某笔交易之前就获得该交易的支付款项。尽管在卖家的证券交付之前取出买家的现金并非易事,但卖家仍可以在自己的账簿上把这笔现金记录为已经收到的款项,甚至可以将其用于进一步交易。

《金融时报》解释称,这种风险在场外交易市场尤其普遍,而交易所开放式指数基金(ETF)、外汇期权和多种大宗商品衍生品的通常进行场外交易。货币市场工具也是如此交易的,万一价值几千亿美元的短期商业票据出现交割违约,结果将不堪设想,尽管我们的交易账户清单里仍会将这些票据称为“现金”余额,但其实这个数字非常具有误导性。

降低此种风险的方法之一是要求双方在同一天确认交易,即使正式的交易确认文件(纸质也好,电子版也好)要到一两天后才能出具也无所谓。上述世界证券交易所联合会调查显示,日本、印度和香港的同日确认率最高,均超过90%;二线国家,即同日确认率80%出头的国家包括德国、法国、英国和中国;在全球领先的市场中,美国远远落在最后,只有46.9%的交易是在同一天确认的。或许有人会说,从实际交易数量来说,美国同日确认的交易量仍比其他市场多,可这个事实不容忽视:我们在全球最大的十个市场中排名垫底。巴西总统罗塞夫的拥趸想必会注意到,我们甚至比巴西还差了15个百分点。目前有人倡议,在全球三十个左右的国家协调交割惯例,尽管它们各自的监管体制、银行和市场惯例以及现行后台惯例各不相同。在此,我们只能祝他们一切顺利。

瑞银违规交易丑闻曝光前不久,《金融时报》曾报道过被业内人士称为“交割违约”(failstodeliver)的现象。最近几个月来,交割违约现象大增,也就是交割日到了,买家却没有交付现金,或者卖家没有交付证券。《金融时报》数据显示,目前仅在美国市场,这种违约的规模就达到每天2,000亿美元。在美国,我们至少还知道这个数字呢,而欧洲根本就没有相应的数据。

为生存而违约

在美国,还有一种称为“未经清算”(exclearing)的神奇所在,未能完成交割的交易可以进入此种永久性的中间状态。它们成了互为对手的经纪人之间的账外合同,双方都同意不再追究此事。完全没有任何办法查清按这种方式处理的未完成交割的交易到底有多大金额,因此也就无法弄清在银行的资产负债表上到底有多少钱属于永远不可能真正追回幽灵资本。

《金融时报》报道称,直到2009年5月雷曼兄弟公司破产后,美国国债市场才引入了违约罚金制度。仅在当月,每日国债违约额就达到了5,690亿美元。美国现在计划在抵押担保证券交易中也引入违约罚金制。交易人士指出,此举可能会迫使投行将违约转入市场的其他门。《金融时报》称,ETF交易的违约率现在比普通证券交易还高。

让我们回到流氓交易员一事上来。阿多博利在瑞银集团的证券部门工作,根据《华尔街日报》(theWallStreetJournal)的说法,他的职责是进行相当“安静的交易”。据报道,其亏损源于他使用未经对冲的指数期货,一边倒地对市场走势下注;。据报道,阿多博利还通过虚构的相抵消的交易来掩盖亏损。据称,他利用ETF创造了虚构的交易,因为ETF的交割周期比实际造成他亏损的金融工具更长,这些所谓交易的对手方是欧洲公司,后者所在市场的规则并不要求确认ETF交易。

瑞银首席执行官郭儒博已经为此辞职。阿多博利正关在英国监狱里,等待接受审判。与法兴银行的热罗姆凯维埃尔不同,迄今似乎还没有迹象表明他会号称得到了上司的默许。我们不认为这件事上还会曝出什么重大的新变局。瑞银的风险控制很成问题。现在回过头来看,人人都会高呼:对雇员的欺诈行为不加防备简直是愚蠢至极。在瑞银的交易柜台上,交易权被交给了一个头脑发热、丧失理智的傻瓜;监管他的人显然也是傻瓜,他们的所谓管理程序就是每天打印海量交易记录,而不是真正去了解雇员的交易风格。有鉴于此,我们能给瑞银的最好的建议也只能是:以后别再雇傻瓜干活了。

译者:小宇

Whatexactlymakesapersona"rogue"Wecheckedatthefreedictionary.comandfoundthefirstdefinitionas"anunprincipled,deceitful,andunreliableperson."Usingthisdefinition,wearenotsurethatKwekuAdoboli,theUBSemployeeallegedtohavefumbledsome$2.3billionofthebank'smoney,wouldbetheonlyemployeeonhisdesktomeritthecharacterization.Clearly,whatmakesAdoboli'sactions"rogue"activityisnotthefactthatheallegedlylostover$2billion,butthathelostthebank'sownmoney.

Lestyouthinkusunnecessarilycynical,weofferthefollowing:

LastyeartheWorldFederationofExchangesdidastudyofsame-dayaffirmation(SDA)bycountry.Tradeaffirmationisasmallfurryrodentthatinhabitsthemustyshadowsofanun-sexycornerofWallStreetknownasOperationsandBackOffice.Thisisthepartthat,aspeopleareonlynowfindingout,isheldtogetherbypaperclipsandrubberbands,whilethehighfrequencytradersruncomputerarraysthatwouldmakethechiefweaponsofficerofBattlestarGalacticadrool.

Therevenuegeneratingpartofthebusiness–salesandtrading–hasglommedalltheglamour,allthepublicity,andalltheassets.Thetransactionprocessingpiece,meanwhile,hasalmostalwayshadtoplaycatch-up.TheUBSscandalhasbroughtthepost-tradepieceofthebusinesstopublicattention.AccordingtotheFinancialTimes,theaccusedUBS(UBS)traderhadintimateknowledge"ofhowconfirmationthattradeshavebeendone…canhappenaftersettlement."Itispossibleforafirmtoreceivepaymentforatradebeforethesellerhasconfirmedthetransactiontothebuyer.Andwhileitisnotsosimpletotakethebuyer'scashoutbeforeseller'sthesecuritieshavebeendelivered,thesellercanshowthecashontheirownbooksashavingbeenreceived,andcanevenspenditinfurthertransactions.

TheFTexplainsthatthisriskisparticularlyprevalentinoverthecountermarkets,whereETFs,foreignexchangeoptionsandanumberofcommodityderivativestrade.Itisalsowheremoneymarketinstrumentstrade,andwedonotfancythenotionofafailuretodeliveronafewhundredbilliondollars'worthofshorttermcommercialpaperinwhatourbrokeragestatementmisleadinglycallsour"cash"balance.

Onewaytomitigatethisriskistorequirebothsidestoaffirmatradesameday,eveniftheformaltradeconfirmdocument–paperorelectronic–isnotissueduntiladayortwolater.TheindustrygroupreviewfoundthehighestratesofSDAwereinJapan,IndiaandHongKong,allwellabove90%.Asecondtier–inthe80%-plusrange–includesGermany,France,theUKandChina.Amongleadingglobalmarkets,theU.S.rankeddeadlast,withonly46.9%oftradesbeingsamedayaffirmed.Onecouldarguethatthisisstillalargernumberofactualtradesthantheothermarketsprocess,butthefactremainsthatwerankdeadlastamongthetenleadingmarketsintheworld–fifteenpercentagepointsbehindBrazil,fansofPresidentRousseffwillnote.Thereisaninitiativeafoottoharmonizesettlementpracticesamongsomethirtydifferentnations,eachwithdifferentregulatoryregimes,bankandmarketconventions,anddifferentcurrentback-officepractices.Wewishthemluck.

ShortlybeforetheUBSscandalbroketheFTreportedonaphenomenonknownintheindustryasfailstodeliver.Fails–whenthebuyerdoesnotdelivercashonsettlementdate,orthesellerdoesnotdeliverthesecurities–havespikedinrecentmonthsandnowaverage$200billionadayintheU.S.marketalone,accordingtotheFT.AtleastintheU.S.thenumberisknown.ThereisnoequivalentdataavailableforEurope.

Failingforsurvival

Someobserversareconvincedthatbanksaredeliberatelyfailing"asawayofdealingwithfinancialstress."Foraperiodoftime–saythetimebetweenaccountingcycles,orbetweendepartmentalaudits–failspermitatrader,atradingdesk,orevenanentireinstitutiontocarryonitsbooksboththevalueofthesecuritiesithassold,butnotdelivered,andthevalueofthecashithasbooked,butnotreceived.Marginrulesandtradingsystemconventionsgenerallyallowtheproceedsofasaletobeusedfornewpurchasesbeforethecashisactuallydelivered,soafailonacashpaymentmaygounnoticedifitisresolvedbeforetoomanydownstreamtransactionssettle.Oritcansetoffacascadewheresuccessivetradeshavetobebroken,withthefirmeatingbothitsownlosses,andthoseofitscounterpartiesonthetradesinquestion.ThisappearstoberoughlythecasefacingUBS.

IntheU.S.,thereisafurtherNever-Never-Landcalled"exclearing,"whereagedfailsgointopermanentlimbo.Theybecomeanoff-bookcontractbetweenthecounterpartybrokers,whoagreenottopursuethematter.Thereisnowayofknowingthedollarvalueoffailsthathavebeenthusdispatched,andconsequentlyitisimpossibletoknowwhatamountsofmoneyonbankbalancesheetsareactuallyphantomcapitalthatwillneverberecovered.

TheFTreportsthatonlyinMay2009,aftertheLehmancollapse,wasafailpenaltyintroducedintheUSTreasurysmarket.InthatmonthalonedailyTreasuryfailsreached$569billion.TheU.S.nowplanstointroducefailschargesformortgagebackedsecurities,whichtraderssaywillforcefailsintoothersegmentsofthemarket.TheFTreportsthatETFsarenowmorelikelytofailthanarenormalequitytrades.

Thisbringsusbacktoourroguetrader.AdoboliworkedinUBS'sequitiesdivision,wherehewaschargedwithrunningarather"sedatetradingbook,"accordingtotheWallStreetJournal.Thelossesreportedlystemmedfromone-waybetsonthedirectionofthemarket,usingunhedgedindexfutures.Thelosseswerereportedlymaskedwithfalsifiedentriesshowingoffsettingtrades.AdobolireportedlycreatedfictitioustradesusingETFs,whichsettleoveralongercyclethantheinstrumentsonwhichhewasactuallylosingmoney,recordingthemwithEuropeancounterpartieswhowerenotobligatedbymarketrulestoconfirmETFtrades.

Inarevealingcomment,theJournalarticlesaidUBS'sinternalriskmonitoringfocusesonproprietarytradinginfixedincome–becausethatiswherethebanktooka$50billionwrite-downin2008-2009,partlybecauseofheavyconcentrationinoneclassofsecurities."Theoverhaulofitsrisk-controlsystemdidn'taddressthedangerofaback-officeemployeefindingawaytofaketrades."Fairenough.Ifanemployeeisdeterminedtobreakthelaw,hewillfigureoutawaytodoit.Buttheequitiesbusinessisingeneralnotcloselymonitored"becauseithadtypicallybeenaclientbusinessthatcarriedlessrisk."Losingaclient$2billioniscalledastreakofbadluck.Losingthebank$2billioniscalledfraud.

UBSchiefOswaldGrubelhasresignedasheadofUBS.AdoblisitsinaBritishjailashewaitsforhisfatetobedecided.UnlikeSocGen'sJeromeKerviel,hedoesnotyetappeartohavetakenthepositionthathissuperiorsknewofhisactivities.Wedoubtthereisanothermajorshoetodropinthismatter.Thebankdidnothaveadequatecontrols.Inretrospecteveryonewillclamorthatitwasidioticnottoanticipateemployeefraud.OntheUBStradingdesk,atradingbookwashandedovertoanidiotwhogotinwelloverhishead,andwhowasapparentlyoverseenbyidiotswhoseriskmanagementprocessconsistedofinitialingreamsofprintoutseveryday,ratherthangettingtoknowthetradingstyleoftheiremployees.ThebestadvicewecangivetoUBS:don'thireanymoreidiots.

THE END
1.2024太原医疗展宠物食品展区展会时间:2024/5/31至2024/6/2 展会地点:晋阳湖国际会展中心 主题:宠物食品.展 2024汉界·太原-福州宠物产业博览会 特设宠物食品主题展览,欢迎宠物食品企业在线预订展位,如果您想了解宠物食品行业市场或对宠物食品类产品及项目感兴趣请立即提交您的需求。点展连接无限商机! http://www.expowindow.org/expo/zhuti_5523_20241127.org
2.UserpageofGaleFrostbaneMotor City Furry Con 2014, 2015 Nordic Fuzz Con 2024 Pine Fur Con 2018, 2019 (no longer running) Total Furry Cons: 60 Anime Boston 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Drawn Con 2013 PAX East 2016 Total Non Furry Cons: 9 Upcoming Conventions: Furpocalypse 2024 Looking for my mai...http://www.furaffinity.net/user/galefrostbane
3.会展之窗EAT&STYLEDates for EAT&STYLE - D躍SELDORF Date City Venue on Nov. 2023 Dusseldorf (Germany) Areal B鰄ler 参展范围: EAT&STYLE - D躍SELDORF 2024 Related industries Food Processing Industries Catering & Hospitality Industries Wine & Spirits - Viticulture & Enology - Beer ...https://www.expowindow.com/guangbo/show1_29912.html
1.FurInsiderNew York Fashion Week: Fall/Winter 2024 Trends Recap Part One February 16, 2024Fashion 5 Ways to Elevate Your Holiday Style November 25, 2024Fashion 2024 Holiday Gift Guide: Furry Stocking Stuffers November 20, 2024Fashion 2024 Holiday Gift Guide: Ultimate Fur Must-Haves ...https://www.furinsider.com/
2.BestWebsiteDesignsof2024DesignRushDiscover our editors' best website designs of 2024 By Mladen Milosevic Last updated: November 22, 2024 SUBMIT YOUR BEST DESIGN Industries Advertising Aerospace Agriculture AI Architecture Arts & Recreation Automotive Banking & Finance Community Construction Company Content & News Digital Agencies Distribut...https://www.designrush.com/best-designs/websites
3.2024ElectionFOX10PhoenixNovember 25, 2024 1:26pm MST video 2024 Arizona General Election certification Governor Katie Hobbs, Secretary of State Adrian Fontes, Attorney General Kris Mayes and Arizona Supreme Court Chief Justice Ann Timmer held a news conference on Nov. 25 to certify the results of the 2024 General Elect...https://www.fox10phoenix.com/tag/2024-election
4.PRidePRessroomNov. 26, 2024 A team of University of North Alabama faculty is working to understand and address gaps in STEM higher education for rural, academically talented, low-income students through a collaborative grant led by Mississippi State University. The National Science Foundation has awarded them a...https://www.una.edu/pressroom/index.html
5.Importindustryadvicenotices202425 October 2024232-2024New identity check process for cats and dogs from the UK travelling to Australia 24 October 2024231-2024Urgent Scheduled Service Disruption: Friday 25 October to Saturday 26 October 2024 – Biosecurity Portal 24 October 2024230-2024List of treatment providers: treatment provider...https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/import/industry-advice/2024
6.CabinetOffice2 December 2024—News story Sir Chris Wormald has been appointed to succeed Simon Case as the new Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Civil Service UK and its allies must stay one step ahead in new AI arms race 25 November 2024—Press release ...http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/
7.NewsNovember 30, 2024 11:24 am 0 comments 2024 Award and Grant Winners Below you will find the 2024 Raptor Research Foundation's Research Grants and Award Recipients. Research Grants Leslie Brown Award: Kiros Welegermina - The race to prevent mortality rate of White-backed Vultures (Gyps africanus...http://www.raptorresearchfoundation.org/news/
8....LinJian’sRegularPressConferenceonDecember3,2024...Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lin Jian’s Regular Press Conference on December 3, 2024https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xw/fyrbt/202412/t20241203_11537550.html
9.AmIaFurryQuiz3. Would you be interested in going to furry conventions? Yes! I already go to several cons in full fursuit every year. Yes. I’ve never been to one, but I’m curious about them. Maybe, I guess. But I definitely wouldn’t dress up. ...https://www.wikihow.com/Am-I-a-Furry-Quiz
10.GameConventionsWikiBoardGameGeekgame conventions virtual conventions vaesencon (sep 6-8, 2024) - annual grogmeetish (nov 8-10, 2024) - biannual bser con online (jan 17-...annual anime convention motor city furry con - ypsilanti, mi (apr 5-7, 2024) - annual fur con fandom fest of southwest michigan - benton ...http://boardgamegeek.com/wiki/page/Game_Conventions
11.Vacuumpolarisationeffectsinimpulsivefields(2023); Macleod and King (2024); Ahmadiniaz et al. (2024). Strong-field effects can become...The most common theoretical approach to ‘strong-field QED’ is the Furry expansion Furry (1951...Notation and conventions We set ?=c=1Planck-constant-over-2-pi1\hbar=c=1roman_? =...http://arxiv.org/html/2409.01372v2
12.Furryvs.Yiff—What’stheDifference?Are there furry conventions? Yes, there are conventions where furries gather, showcase art, and socialize. 8 Is all furry art yiff? No, many furry artworks are general and non-explicit. 8 Is yiff limited to visual art? No, yiff can be found in stories, roleplays, and other media for...http://www.askdifference.com/furry-vs-yiff/
13.UpcomingCons.comAnimeConventions,SciDec 14-15, 2024 Con+Alt+Delete Rosemont,IL Dec 20-22, 2024 New Years Furry Ball Newark,DE Dec 30, 2024 Anime Com Fest ...Upcoming Cons is dedicated to covering anime conventions, sci-fi cons, comic conventions, and game conventions. We bring live anime convention streaming...https://www.upcomingcons.com/
14.furryconventionsfurry-fandomshift-management UpdatedSep 24, 2024 PHP 集多种兽圈文化功能的综合性bot。由graia和mirai提供支持 pythonmiraimirai-botfurryqqbotfurry-fandomfurry-bot UpdatedNov 18, 2023 Python This is where my abominations live blogportfoliotypescriptpersonal-websitecontentfulsveltefurrytailwindcssfurry...https://github.com/topics/furry-fandom
15.FurryHallofFameThe Furry Hall of Fame was conceived byCynWolfein 2008; the first induction was held that year atMiDFur X. At that time it was awarded byAUSFA, although as that was abandoned in 2010 it was taken on byAustralian Furry Conventionsand subsequently held atConFurgence. ...https://en.wikifur.com/wiki/Furry_Hall_of_Fame
16.“Furry,ExplainedwithFinnthePanther”播客Today we go over a little bit about what this new podcast is all about and review Anthrocon 2024, from both an individual attendee perspective ...Furry conventions can be expensive, but that doesn't mean the cost of one has to be a mystery! Today we go over this weeks videos: finding...https://podcasts.apple.com/cn/podcast/welcome-to-furry-explained-with-finn-the-panther/id1549975917
17.WhatisFurryFandom?(withpicture)Furry fandom is a subculture that focuses on the enjoyment of anthropomorphic animals. There are a number of different types...http://m.wisegeek.org/what-is-furry-fandom.htm
18.News–TonyDiTerlizziA simple animated version was created in 2010 for the beloved UK show, Bookaboo, and read by...And yet, Gygax seems to be describing the toy in the text: “…bodies are furry, tending ...art school, my brother and I were big comic book fans and attended many local conventions.In...https://www.diterlizzi.com/news/
19.NintendolifemeetupFeedbackandSuggestionsForumDoes nintendolife attend comic cons or video game conventions or some other event we pay to get in? It would be great to meet up and talk ...[EditedMon 5th Feb 2024bySillyG 15 @CANOEberry Have you been a troll on here? 16https://www.nintendolife.com/forums/feedback/nintendo_life_meet_up
20.LoonaTailLoonaCosplayFoxTailFurryTailthis furry accessory is designed to bring your favorite anime characters to life. With its black and white color scheme and large, fluffy fur, ...conventions or parties, the Loona Cosplay Fox Tail is designed to be lightweight and easy to wear. The 70cm length is ideal for creating a ...https://vi.aliexpress.com/i/1005005443873352.html
21.Whatisafurry?–恒龙有为实业(杭州)有限公司the furry community is thriving.there are numerous social network and social media platforms that cater specifically to furries.additionally, there are many events and conventions which can be held every year to commemorate town and its own people....https://cn.hanloon.com/what-is-a-furry/
22.CCAAA20 November 2023 - 20 November 2024 ONLINE ONLY The main purpose of UNESCO’s World Audiovisual...creatively transforming conventions into opportunities for play and experimentation, pushing the form ...Additionally, we’ll showcase films with furry critters in the limelight, recalling the canine lea...https://www.ccaaa.org/WDAVH2023
23.Furry(Video2020)Furry: Directed by Eleanor T. Hudson. With Eleanor T. Hudson. Leon, a teen who suffers from paranoid schizophrenia, gets interested in the furry fandom. However, after his mother disallows him from going to furry conventions or seeing his friends, Leon bhttps://www.imdb.com/title/tt13141590
24.翻译'furryfandom'–字典英文+添加翻译 加泰罗尼亚文-英文字典 subculture wikidata 显示算法生成的翻译 将“furry fandom"自动翻译成 英文 furry fandom Glosbe Translate 错误 Google Translate 最受欢迎的查询列表:1K,~2K,~3K,~4K,~5K,~5-10K,~10-20K,~20-50K,~50-100K,~100k-200K,~200-500K,~1M...https://mapi.glosbe.com/ca/en/furry%20fandom
25.SlightlyDamnedI'll be going to my very firstFurpocalypsein Stamford, Connecticut (Oct 31 - Nov 4, 2024)...Upcoming 2025 conventions: Further Confusion- San Jose, CA (Jan 16-20) VancouFur- Vancouver, ...Lastly, I'm going to be a dealer at Another Furry Con in Ontario, California! I was fortunate...https://www.sdamned.com/comic/117/