到底什么样的人算“流氓”?我们到thefreedictionary.com网站查了查,第一个定义是“目无法纪、欺诈成性且靠不住的人”。根据这个定义,瑞银集团(UBS)雇员中符合这个描述的恐怕不止奎库阿多博利一个。据指控,阿多博利的违规交易导致瑞银亏损了23亿美元左右。显然,他的举动之所以被归入“流氓”行为并不单单因为他亏损了20多亿美元,而是因为他亏掉的是银行自己的钱。
你或许会觉得我们没有必要这样愤世嫉俗,且听我们解释:
去年,世界证券交易所联合会(theWorldFederationofExchanges)根据国别进行了一项针对同日确认(SDA)的调查。交易确认是一只毛茸茸的老鼠,蜗居在华尔街一个毫不起眼的角落,也就是运营与后台部门(OperationsandBackOffice)阴暗的墙角。人们现在才发现,这个部门时至今日还在靠回形针和橡皮筋工作,而高频交易员们使用的电脑则排成了行,足以使《太空堡垒卡拉狄加》(BattlestarGalactica)里的首席武器官垂涎三尺。
这个行业盈利的部门,即销售与交易,霸占了所有的荣耀、所有风头和所有的资产。而交易处理部门几乎总是跟在后面望尘莫及。瑞银集团的这起丑闻却使负责交易后事务的部门进入了公众的视线。根据《金融时报》(theFinancialTimes)的报道,这位被指违规操作的瑞银交易员非常熟悉确认程序,了解“已经完成交易的确认程序……可以在交割完成后再进行”。公司可能在卖家向买家确认某笔交易之前就获得该交易的支付款项。尽管在卖家的证券交付之前取出买家的现金并非易事,但卖家仍可以在自己的账簿上把这笔现金记录为已经收到的款项,甚至可以将其用于进一步交易。
《金融时报》解释称,这种风险在场外交易市场尤其普遍,而交易所开放式指数基金(ETF)、外汇期权和多种大宗商品衍生品的通常进行场外交易。货币市场工具也是如此交易的,万一价值几千亿美元的短期商业票据出现交割违约,结果将不堪设想,尽管我们的交易账户清单里仍会将这些票据称为“现金”余额,但其实这个数字非常具有误导性。
降低此种风险的方法之一是要求双方在同一天确认交易,即使正式的交易确认文件(纸质也好,电子版也好)要到一两天后才能出具也无所谓。上述世界证券交易所联合会调查显示,日本、印度和香港的同日确认率最高,均超过90%;二线国家,即同日确认率80%出头的国家包括德国、法国、英国和中国;在全球领先的市场中,美国远远落在最后,只有46.9%的交易是在同一天确认的。或许有人会说,从实际交易数量来说,美国同日确认的交易量仍比其他市场多,可这个事实不容忽视:我们在全球最大的十个市场中排名垫底。巴西总统罗塞夫的拥趸想必会注意到,我们甚至比巴西还差了15个百分点。目前有人倡议,在全球三十个左右的国家协调交割惯例,尽管它们各自的监管体制、银行和市场惯例以及现行后台惯例各不相同。在此,我们只能祝他们一切顺利。
瑞银违规交易丑闻曝光前不久,《金融时报》曾报道过被业内人士称为“交割违约”(failstodeliver)的现象。最近几个月来,交割违约现象大增,也就是交割日到了,买家却没有交付现金,或者卖家没有交付证券。《金融时报》数据显示,目前仅在美国市场,这种违约的规模就达到每天2,000亿美元。在美国,我们至少还知道这个数字呢,而欧洲根本就没有相应的数据。
为生存而违约
在美国,还有一种称为“未经清算”(exclearing)的神奇所在,未能完成交割的交易可以进入此种永久性的中间状态。它们成了互为对手的经纪人之间的账外合同,双方都同意不再追究此事。完全没有任何办法查清按这种方式处理的未完成交割的交易到底有多大金额,因此也就无法弄清在银行的资产负债表上到底有多少钱属于永远不可能真正追回幽灵资本。
《金融时报》报道称,直到2009年5月雷曼兄弟公司破产后,美国国债市场才引入了违约罚金制度。仅在当月,每日国债违约额就达到了5,690亿美元。美国现在计划在抵押担保证券交易中也引入违约罚金制。交易人士指出,此举可能会迫使投行将违约转入市场的其他门。《金融时报》称,ETF交易的违约率现在比普通证券交易还高。
让我们回到流氓交易员一事上来。阿多博利在瑞银集团的证券部门工作,根据《华尔街日报》(theWallStreetJournal)的说法,他的职责是进行相当“安静的交易”。据报道,其亏损源于他使用未经对冲的指数期货,一边倒地对市场走势下注;。据报道,阿多博利还通过虚构的相抵消的交易来掩盖亏损。据称,他利用ETF创造了虚构的交易,因为ETF的交割周期比实际造成他亏损的金融工具更长,这些所谓交易的对手方是欧洲公司,后者所在市场的规则并不要求确认ETF交易。
瑞银首席执行官郭儒博已经为此辞职。阿多博利正关在英国监狱里,等待接受审判。与法兴银行的热罗姆凯维埃尔不同,迄今似乎还没有迹象表明他会号称得到了上司的默许。我们不认为这件事上还会曝出什么重大的新变局。瑞银的风险控制很成问题。现在回过头来看,人人都会高呼:对雇员的欺诈行为不加防备简直是愚蠢至极。在瑞银的交易柜台上,交易权被交给了一个头脑发热、丧失理智的傻瓜;监管他的人显然也是傻瓜,他们的所谓管理程序就是每天打印海量交易记录,而不是真正去了解雇员的交易风格。有鉴于此,我们能给瑞银的最好的建议也只能是:以后别再雇傻瓜干活了。
译者:小宇
Whatexactlymakesapersona"rogue"Wecheckedatthefreedictionary.comandfoundthefirstdefinitionas"anunprincipled,deceitful,andunreliableperson."Usingthisdefinition,wearenotsurethatKwekuAdoboli,theUBSemployeeallegedtohavefumbledsome$2.3billionofthebank'smoney,wouldbetheonlyemployeeonhisdesktomeritthecharacterization.Clearly,whatmakesAdoboli'sactions"rogue"activityisnotthefactthatheallegedlylostover$2billion,butthathelostthebank'sownmoney.
Lestyouthinkusunnecessarilycynical,weofferthefollowing:
LastyeartheWorldFederationofExchangesdidastudyofsame-dayaffirmation(SDA)bycountry.Tradeaffirmationisasmallfurryrodentthatinhabitsthemustyshadowsofanun-sexycornerofWallStreetknownasOperationsandBackOffice.Thisisthepartthat,aspeopleareonlynowfindingout,isheldtogetherbypaperclipsandrubberbands,whilethehighfrequencytradersruncomputerarraysthatwouldmakethechiefweaponsofficerofBattlestarGalacticadrool.
Therevenuegeneratingpartofthebusiness–salesandtrading–hasglommedalltheglamour,allthepublicity,andalltheassets.Thetransactionprocessingpiece,meanwhile,hasalmostalwayshadtoplaycatch-up.TheUBSscandalhasbroughtthepost-tradepieceofthebusinesstopublicattention.AccordingtotheFinancialTimes,theaccusedUBS(UBS)traderhadintimateknowledge"ofhowconfirmationthattradeshavebeendone…canhappenaftersettlement."Itispossibleforafirmtoreceivepaymentforatradebeforethesellerhasconfirmedthetransactiontothebuyer.Andwhileitisnotsosimpletotakethebuyer'scashoutbeforeseller'sthesecuritieshavebeendelivered,thesellercanshowthecashontheirownbooksashavingbeenreceived,andcanevenspenditinfurthertransactions.
TheFTexplainsthatthisriskisparticularlyprevalentinoverthecountermarkets,whereETFs,foreignexchangeoptionsandanumberofcommodityderivativestrade.Itisalsowheremoneymarketinstrumentstrade,andwedonotfancythenotionofafailuretodeliveronafewhundredbilliondollars'worthofshorttermcommercialpaperinwhatourbrokeragestatementmisleadinglycallsour"cash"balance.
Onewaytomitigatethisriskistorequirebothsidestoaffirmatradesameday,eveniftheformaltradeconfirmdocument–paperorelectronic–isnotissueduntiladayortwolater.TheindustrygroupreviewfoundthehighestratesofSDAwereinJapan,IndiaandHongKong,allwellabove90%.Asecondtier–inthe80%-plusrange–includesGermany,France,theUKandChina.Amongleadingglobalmarkets,theU.S.rankeddeadlast,withonly46.9%oftradesbeingsamedayaffirmed.Onecouldarguethatthisisstillalargernumberofactualtradesthantheothermarketsprocess,butthefactremainsthatwerankdeadlastamongthetenleadingmarketsintheworld–fifteenpercentagepointsbehindBrazil,fansofPresidentRousseffwillnote.Thereisaninitiativeafoottoharmonizesettlementpracticesamongsomethirtydifferentnations,eachwithdifferentregulatoryregimes,bankandmarketconventions,anddifferentcurrentback-officepractices.Wewishthemluck.
ShortlybeforetheUBSscandalbroketheFTreportedonaphenomenonknownintheindustryasfailstodeliver.Fails–whenthebuyerdoesnotdelivercashonsettlementdate,orthesellerdoesnotdeliverthesecurities–havespikedinrecentmonthsandnowaverage$200billionadayintheU.S.marketalone,accordingtotheFT.AtleastintheU.S.thenumberisknown.ThereisnoequivalentdataavailableforEurope.
Failingforsurvival
Someobserversareconvincedthatbanksaredeliberatelyfailing"asawayofdealingwithfinancialstress."Foraperiodoftime–saythetimebetweenaccountingcycles,orbetweendepartmentalaudits–failspermitatrader,atradingdesk,orevenanentireinstitutiontocarryonitsbooksboththevalueofthesecuritiesithassold,butnotdelivered,andthevalueofthecashithasbooked,butnotreceived.Marginrulesandtradingsystemconventionsgenerallyallowtheproceedsofasaletobeusedfornewpurchasesbeforethecashisactuallydelivered,soafailonacashpaymentmaygounnoticedifitisresolvedbeforetoomanydownstreamtransactionssettle.Oritcansetoffacascadewheresuccessivetradeshavetobebroken,withthefirmeatingbothitsownlosses,andthoseofitscounterpartiesonthetradesinquestion.ThisappearstoberoughlythecasefacingUBS.
IntheU.S.,thereisafurtherNever-Never-Landcalled"exclearing,"whereagedfailsgointopermanentlimbo.Theybecomeanoff-bookcontractbetweenthecounterpartybrokers,whoagreenottopursuethematter.Thereisnowayofknowingthedollarvalueoffailsthathavebeenthusdispatched,andconsequentlyitisimpossibletoknowwhatamountsofmoneyonbankbalancesheetsareactuallyphantomcapitalthatwillneverberecovered.
TheFTreportsthatonlyinMay2009,aftertheLehmancollapse,wasafailpenaltyintroducedintheUSTreasurysmarket.InthatmonthalonedailyTreasuryfailsreached$569billion.TheU.S.nowplanstointroducefailschargesformortgagebackedsecurities,whichtraderssaywillforcefailsintoothersegmentsofthemarket.TheFTreportsthatETFsarenowmorelikelytofailthanarenormalequitytrades.
Thisbringsusbacktoourroguetrader.AdoboliworkedinUBS'sequitiesdivision,wherehewaschargedwithrunningarather"sedatetradingbook,"accordingtotheWallStreetJournal.Thelossesreportedlystemmedfromone-waybetsonthedirectionofthemarket,usingunhedgedindexfutures.Thelosseswerereportedlymaskedwithfalsifiedentriesshowingoffsettingtrades.AdobolireportedlycreatedfictitioustradesusingETFs,whichsettleoveralongercyclethantheinstrumentsonwhichhewasactuallylosingmoney,recordingthemwithEuropeancounterpartieswhowerenotobligatedbymarketrulestoconfirmETFtrades.
Inarevealingcomment,theJournalarticlesaidUBS'sinternalriskmonitoringfocusesonproprietarytradinginfixedincome–becausethatiswherethebanktooka$50billionwrite-downin2008-2009,partlybecauseofheavyconcentrationinoneclassofsecurities."Theoverhaulofitsrisk-controlsystemdidn'taddressthedangerofaback-officeemployeefindingawaytofaketrades."Fairenough.Ifanemployeeisdeterminedtobreakthelaw,hewillfigureoutawaytodoit.Buttheequitiesbusinessisingeneralnotcloselymonitored"becauseithadtypicallybeenaclientbusinessthatcarriedlessrisk."Losingaclient$2billioniscalledastreakofbadluck.Losingthebank$2billioniscalledfraud.
UBSchiefOswaldGrubelhasresignedasheadofUBS.AdoblisitsinaBritishjailashewaitsforhisfatetobedecided.UnlikeSocGen'sJeromeKerviel,hedoesnotyetappeartohavetakenthepositionthathissuperiorsknewofhisactivities.Wedoubtthereisanothermajorshoetodropinthismatter.Thebankdidnothaveadequatecontrols.Inretrospecteveryonewillclamorthatitwasidioticnottoanticipateemployeefraud.OntheUBStradingdesk,atradingbookwashandedovertoanidiotwhogotinwelloverhishead,andwhowasapparentlyoverseenbyidiotswhoseriskmanagementprocessconsistedofinitialingreamsofprintoutseveryday,ratherthangettingtoknowthetradingstyleoftheiremployees.ThebestadvicewecangivetoUBS:don'thireanymoreidiots.