你家养宠物吗?养的是喵星人还是汪星人?
或者,你只是一个“云养猫/狗”爱好者?
之前有研究称,养宠物有利于家庭幸福,而且还对宠物主人的事业有帮助。最近又有科学研究证实,养狗人士比养猫人士幸福感更强。
Lastyear,over73millionhouseholdsinChinesecitieswerealsohometoapet.
In2018,theGeneralSocialSurveyforthefirsttimeincludedabatteryofquestionsonpetownership.Thefindingsnotonlyquantifiedthenation’spetpopulation—nearly6in10householdshaveatleastone—theymadeitpossibletoseehowpetownershipoverlapswithallsortsoffactorsofinteresttosocialscientists.
2018年,美国《综合社会调查》首次纳入一系列关于饲养宠物的问题。其研究结果量化了美国的宠物数量——将近60%家庭至少拥有一只宠物,也使人们得以一窥饲养宠物与社会学家关心的各种因素之间有哪些交集。
abatteryof:一连串,一系列overlap[v'lp]:vi.部分重叠;部分的同时发生
Likehappiness.
比如幸福感。
Forstarters,thereislittledifferencebetweenpetownersandnon-ownerswhenitcomestohappiness,thesurveyshows.Thetwogroupsarestatisticallyindistinguishableonthelikelihoodofidentifyingas“veryhappy”(alittleover30percent)or“nottoohappy”(inthemid-teens).
调查显示,首先,养宠物的人与不养宠物的人在幸福感方面几乎毫无区别。在统计学上,这两个组别在认定自己“非常幸福”的比例(略超过30%)或“不太幸福”的比例(15%左右)方面,几乎没有区别。
Butwhenyoubreakthedatadownbypettype—cats,dogsorboth—astunningdivideemerges:Dogownersareabouttwiceaslikelyascatownerstosaythey’reveryhappy,withpeopleowningbothfallingsomewhereinbetween.
但是,如果按饲养宠物的种类来细分数据(养猫、养狗或两者都养),就会出现一个惊人差异:养狗人士认为自己很幸福的可能性是养猫人士的两倍,而同时养这两种宠物的人自认幸福的比例则介于两者之间。
Dogpeople,inotherwords,areslightlyhappierthanthosewithoutanypets.Thoseinthecatcamp,ontheotherhand,aresignificantlylesshappythanthepet-less.Andhavingbothappearstocanceleachotherouthappiness-wise.
换句话说,养狗人士比不养宠物的人要更快乐一些。而养猫人士比不养宠物的人更不快乐。而同时养这两种宠物会让这两种效应抵消。
Alipay,amajormobilepaymentplatform,launchesanewservicetohelpstraypetsfindtheirwaybackhome,Jan22,2019.[Photo/OfficialWeiboaccountofAlipay]
Thesedifferencesarequitelarge:Thehappinessdividebetweendogandcatownersisbiggerthantheonebetweenpeoplewhoidentifyasmiddleandupperclass,andnearlyaslargeasthegapbetweenthosewhosaythey’rein“fair”versus“goodorexcellent”health.
这些差异非常明显:养狗人士和养猫人士之间的幸福感差异比中产阶层和上流社会之间的幸福感差异还要大,类似于说自己健康“尚可”和“非常或极其健康”之间的差异。
However,correlationdoesn’tequalcausation,andthereareprobablyanumberofotherdifferencesbetweendogandcatownersthataccountforsomeofthedifferences.TheGeneralSocialSurveydatashowthatdogowners,forinstance,aremorelikelytobemarriedandowntheirownhomesthancatowners,bothfactorsknowntoaffecthappinessandlifesatisfaction.
causation[k'ze()n]:n.原因;因果关系
Previousresearchonthistopicyieldedmixedresults.In2006,thePewResearchCenterfoundnosignificantdifferencesinhappinessbetweenpetownersandnon-petowners,orcatanddogowners.However,thatsurveydidnotdistinguishbetweenpeoplewhoowned“only”adogoracat,andthosewhoowned“either”adogoracat,potentiallymuddyingthedistinctionsbetweenexclusivedogandcatowners.
此前关于这一问题的研究得出了复杂的结果。2006年,皮尤研究中心发现,养宠物的人和不养宠物的人,以及养狗人士和养猫人士之间的幸福感没有明显不同。然而,该项研究没有区分“只有”一只狗或一只猫,以及养了一只狗或者一只猫的人们,这可能会把只养了狗和只养了猫的人们之间的区别搞混。
A2016studyofdogandcatowners,ontheotherhand,yieldedgreaterhappinessratingsfordogownersrelativetocatpeople.Itattributedthecontrast,atleastinpart,todifferencesinpersonality:Dogownerstendedtobemoreagreeable,moreextrovertedandlessneuroticthancatowners.Anda2015studylinkedthepresenceofacatinthehometofewernegativeemotions,butnotnecessarilyanincreaseinpositiveones.
另一方面,2016年关于养狗人士和养猫人士的一项研究得出结论称,养狗人士的幸福感比养猫人士更强,部分原因是个性的不同:相比而言,养狗人士更加和蔼可亲、更外向、更不易神经质。2015年的一项研究认为,养猫人士更少出现负面情绪,但不一定会导致积极情绪的增加。
neurotic[nj'rtk]:adj.神经过敏的;神经病的
ThreestraycatswanderattheWofoTempleinBeijing,Feb26,2018.[Photo/VCG]
Otherresearchmakesthecasethatsomeofthepet-happinessrelationshipiscausal,atleastwhenitcomestocanines.A2013studyfound,forinstance,thatdogownersaremorelikelytoengageinoutdoorphysicalactivitythanpeoplewhodon’towndogs,withobviousbenefitsforhealthandhappiness.
另有一项研究证实,宠物与幸福感之间的某些联系是有因果关系的,至少对养狗来说是这样。例如,2013年的一项研究发现,与不养狗的人们相比,养狗人士更可能参与户外运动,这显然对健康和幸福感有好处。
Researchalsohasshownthatdogownersaremorelikelythanotherfolkstoformfriendshipswithpeopleintheirneighborhoodsonthebasisoftherandomencountersthathappenwhenthey’reoutwalkingtheirpets.Thosesocialconnectionslikelycontributetogreaterwell-beingamongdogowners.
调查还显示,养狗人士更可能在遛狗时与社区里偶遇的遛狗人成为朋友。这种社交联系可能会给他们带来更强烈的幸福感。
TheGeneralSocialSurveyalsoaskedanumberofquestionsabouthowpeopleinteractwiththeirpets,andtheanswersmayalsoexplainsomeofthehappinessgap.Dogowners,forinstance,aremorelikelytoseekcomfortfromtheirpetintimesofstress,morelikelytoplaywiththeirpet,andmorelikelytoconsidertheirpetamemberoftheirfamily.Thosedifferencessuggestastrongersocialbondwiththeirpets,whichcouldcreateagreatersenseofwell-being.
《综合社会调查》还询问了一些关于人们与宠物互动的问题,这些答案或许可以解释幸福感的某些差异。例如,养狗人士更有可能在承受压力时向宠物寻求安慰、更有可能与宠物玩耍,也更有可能将宠物视为家庭一员。这些差异表明,他们与宠物间的社交纽带更紧密,而这可以带来更强的幸福感。
Steppingawayfromthedata,catownersmightprotestthatownershipisn’tabout“happiness”atall:There’ssomethingaboutfelinesthatisgranderandmoremysterious—somethingthatcan’tbecapturedinapublicopinionpoll.
抛开这些数据不谈,养猫人士可能会辩称养猫根本不是为了“幸福”。猫身上有更伟大更神秘的特质——公开的民意调查无法捕捉到的特质。
“Acathasabsoluteemotionalhonesty,”asErnestHemingwayputit.“Humanbeings,foronereasonoranother,mayhidetheirfeelings,butacatdoesnot.”
正如欧内斯特·海明威所说:“猫在情感方面绝对诚实,人类往往由于某种原因隐藏自己的感情,而猫却不会。”