2021年4月10日,第十三届哥伦比亚中国商业大会中,李录先生和Greenwald教授进行了精彩的炉边对话,就在中国的价值投资实践进行了讨论。为了便于热爱价值投资思想的朋友们学习,我们把此次对谈的中英文版本整理发布。
需要说明的是,这个翻译版本最重要的参考依据是喜马拉雅资本首席运营官常劲先生审定的哥伦比亚大学官方发布的翻译版本。
在此基础上,我和志愿者团队整理了一个新的版本。这个新版本的特点是:
2、在内容结构上,官方版本是按照现场发言顺序,正常翻译的。这是了解这次对谈最忠实、客观的基础版本,必不可少。不过,既然有了这个版本做前提,我就可以尝试按照自己学习时有收获的结构分类,对对谈内容进行一些结构梳理。当然,我这么做,很可能因为自己理解有限,弄巧成拙了。但是,这种方式至少是我目前能力水平下,认为可能有助于读者在长篇对谈稿中,提纲挈领理解这次对谈结构的。
3、这个翻译版本,把现场开头和结尾非对谈的内容也收入了。主要是我认为对于希望深入研究李先生思想的人,了解这些背景信息,或多或少会有一些辅助性的帮助。
本文将这次访谈内容分为三个部分:
一、李录价值投资理念与哲学发展
1、李录价值投资的哲学和理念有何变化?
2、李录和其他价值投资者之间有什么区别?
3、投资者应该是专才还是通才?
4、价值投资者新人应该接受什么样的教育?
5、李录如何回顾看待自己过往的人生决策?
1、好公司的特点和估值方式
2、好公司获得持续竞争优势的因素有哪些?
3、李录在挑选要投资的公司时考虑哪些因素?
4、投资中,如何看待公司管理层
1、今天市场的情况像过往当中的哪一个阶段呢?
2、如何应对宏观环境的各种危机
3、如何理解亚洲尤其是中国市场?
4、新兴科技是否会吸引李录这样的价值投资者?
5、如何看待美国亚裔群体的生存现状?
四、结束语
主持人Bruce:
LivestreamingfromColumbiabusinessSchoolinNewYorkcity.MynameisBruce.Welcometothefinalsessionofthe13thColumbiaChinabusinessconference.Hometovalueinvesting,Columbiabusinessschoolisattheforefrontofthetheoreticaldevelopmentandpracticesofvalueinvesting.
这里是纽约哥伦比亚商学院的现场直播,我是Bruce。欢迎各位出席哥伦比亚中国商业论坛的最后一场讨论。哥伦比亚大学商学院是价值投资的发源地,也是价值投资理论发展和实践的前沿。
Giventheeverchangingglobaldynamicsandmarketuncertainties,whatarethepotentialadvancementsonunwaveringfundamentalsofvalueinvestingHowshouldpractitionersrealizeaboutinvestinginChina
面临瞬息万变的全球局势和市场的不确定性,价值投资的基本思想和方法有何可能的改进?实践者如何在中国实现价值投资?
JoiningustodayareProfessorBruceGreenwaldandMr.LiLu.
今天参加我们论坛的嘉宾是BruceGreenwald教授和李录先生。
ProfessorBruceGreenwaldisthefoundingdirectoroftheHeilbrunnCenterforGrahamandDoddInvestingatColumbiabusinessschool.It'saleadingvoiceinvalueinvesting.
BruceGreenwald教授是哥伦比亚学商学院哥雷厄姆和多德投资法海尔布伦中心的创始主任,他是一位价值投资的主要倡导者。
Mr.LiLuisthefounderandchairmanofHimalayaCapital,amulti-billiondollarinvestmentfirmthatprimarilyfocusonlong-terminvestmentopportunitiesinAsiaandtheUS.He'sadistinguishingalumnusofColumbia,andMr.LiLucurrentlyservesasamemberoftheboardoftrusteesofColumbiaUniversity.Mr.LiLuhasin-depthknowledgeabouttheChinesemarket.HisinsightsaretrustedbyinvestmentlegendslikeBuffettandMunger.
李录先生是喜马拉雅资本的创始人兼董事长,喜马拉雅资本是一家管理着上百亿美元资产的投资公司,主要专注于亚洲和美国的长期投资机会。李录先生也是哥伦比亚大学的杰出校友,他在哥大同时获得了三个学位,他现在还是哥大董事会的成员。
ProfessorGreenwaldroutinelywonplauditsforhisclassesandhastrainedagenerationofvalueinvestors,includingMr.LiLuhimself.Mr.LiLuhasin-depthknowledgeabouttheChinesemarket.HisinsightsaretrustedbyinvestmentlegendslikeBuffettandMunger.
BruceGreenwald教授在哥大商学院开办的价值投资课程一直受到学生们的追捧,并培养了一代的价值投资者,其中就包括李录先生本人。李录先生对中国市场有着深入的了解,他对中国市场的洞见得到了巴菲特和芒格等投资传奇人物的认可。
Now,imagineyourselfsteppingintothemostovercrowdedinvestmentclassroomatoneofthebestbusinessschoolsacrosstheglobe.WelcomeprofessorGreenwaldandMr.Li.
现在,想象你自己身处世界上最好的商学院最拥挤的投资课堂上,让我们欢迎BruceGreenwald教授和李先生。
1
李录价值投资理念与哲学发展
ProfessorGreenwald:
Ithinkthisisgonnabearareprivilegeforeverybody.I'veonlyknownLiLuformorethan20yearsandnotonlyisheagreatinvestor,buthe'sagreatconversationalist.Sowhydon'twejuststartoutbytalkingabouthowyourinvestmentphilosophyhaschangedBecausevalueinvestingis,afterall,alwaysanevolvingfield,sinceyoubeganthefield,literally,IthinkIwouldsay,25yearsago20yearsago
(Mr.LiLu:Morelike28,hahaha.)
Howtimeflies!SohowhasitevolvedHowhaveyoubeeninfluencedbypeoplelikeCharlieMungerandsoonGoahead.
Mr.LiLu:
WellsobeforeIstarted,Ijustwantto,firstofall,thankyouforalltheorganizersofthisgreatconferences.Imean,lookatallthespeakers,theyarejustreallyunbelievable.ThequalityofthestudenthasdramaticallyimprovedsinceIwasthestudentthere,sothankyouforallforthatwonderfulworkofputtingtogetherthisgreatconferences.
首先我想感谢这次大会的主办者(哥大商学院中国学生会)!我看了大会的议程,这次论坛受邀嘉宾的规格之高令人难以置信,说明今天哥大商学院学生的质量与我当年相比已经有了戏剧性的提升!非常感谢你们做出的所有工作,才将所有的要素汇聚在一起,办成了这么棒的一个论坛。我非常的荣幸和高兴受邀来跟BruceGreenwald教授一起参加这场讨论。
Infact,IgotintothisfieldreallybecauseofProfessorGreenGreenwald’sclass.Ithinkthat,youknow,basicallyyougotBuffetttocometospeaktoastudentrally,roughly28yearsago.Anditwasreallythatfirstlecturethatreallygotmeintothisfield.Sothankyousomuch.
我走上价值投资之路,其实就是因为当时听了布鲁斯·格林伍德教授的一堂价值投资课。我还清楚记得,那是在28年前,布鲁斯·格林伍德教授请来巴菲特先生给学生上课。就是因为我当年在您的课堂上听了巴菲特先生的演讲,从此走上价值投资这条路。所以我太感谢教授您了。
Andofcourse,Ilater,asabusinessschoolstudent,tookallofthecoursesthatProfessorGreenGreenwaldofferedandlearnedagreatdeal,madealotofmoneytoo,sothankyou.
当然,后来我就转到哥大商学院学习,修完了布鲁斯·格林伍德教授教的所有课程,学到很多东西,这让我赚了很多钱。所以我特别感谢您,布鲁斯·格林伍德教授,当然也感谢商学院。(笑)
Yeah,Sothephilosophyisthat,itisyouknowuhrelativelysimple,thepracticeisreallyhard.SoIwouldn'tsaythephilosophyreallyevolvedallthatmuchforme.BeforeIgotreallyexposedtovalueinvestingthroughBuffett'slectureatProfessorBruceGreenwald'sclass,Ithinkmywholeapproachtolifewasprettymuchasetalongsimilarlines,andsothere'snotmuchofajumpforme.
价值投资知易行难,道理很简单,实践却很难。我不能说价值投资理论本身发生过多大的变化。其实在我听巴菲特先生在您价值投资课所做演讲之前,我在生活中为人处世的基本原则就和价值投资的想法是基本一致的,因此对我本人而言,并没有什么巨大的变化。
Theideaofuhbuyingsomethingatadiscountforsomethingthatreallyworthmore,issimplyintelligent.SoIwouldsaythatalmostallintelligentinvestinginvolvessomekindofvalueinvesting.Andnowthedifferenceisitisthatyourfocusonvalueevolvesovertime.Andtodifferentindividuals,theytendtofocusondifferentareasofthat.
Forme,whenIfirststartedasavalueinvestor,thisisnow27or28yearsago,whenIboughtmyfirststock,Idon'treallyknowmuchaboutbusiness.IknowIwasbornandraisedinChinaduringtheCulturalRevolution.Therewasnotmuchofaprivatebusinessoropenmarketeconomybackthen.SoIhavetolearneverythinganew.
Soatthebeginning,obviouslylookforvalueprimarilyonthebalancesheet,intheclassicstyleofBenjaminGraham,lookingforacigarettebutt,lookingforthelastpuffbasically,lookingforstatisticallycheapbusinesses,andignorewhatthebusinessreallyis,andthatservedmewell.
一开始,我主要是践行本杰明·格雷厄姆的经典风格,埋头在资产负债表里寻找一些有价值的“烟蒂股”(企业价格低于流动资产价值的股票)。巴菲特把这种投资策略比喻为捡烟头——像在路上找人家丢弃不要的烟头,短得你只能抽上最后一口了,但是价格便宜啊,免费,不用花一分钱。(那时的我)基本上只是在找这种统计学意义上的便宜的生意,虽然我靠这个过的还不错,但却忽略了股票背后生意的本质是什么。
AndthatovertimeIevolvedintounderstandingsmallerbusinesses.AndbecauseIwasjustintensivelycuriousabouthowbusinessesrun,somuchso,Iactuallyinvolvedintohealthfundingorco-creatingadozenorsoearly-stagestart-upcompanies.Andthatexperiencehastaughtmealotabouthowbusinessrun,whatconstituteagoodorbadormediocrebusinesses.
AndsoovertimeIevolvedintolookingforreallygoodbusinesses,smallmaybe,butreallygoodbusiness.andthenthatleadmetolookforgoodbusinessesinAsia,andeventuallyforbusinesseswithenduringcompetitiveadvantagewithsomelonggrowthtrajectoryahead.
Andsotheplaceswe'relookingforvalue,evolvesovertime.Butthebasicphilosophyhasprettymuchremainedthesame.It'sjustourcorecompetenceexpandedovertime.
NowI'vebeenveryfortunatetobeinfluencedattheverybeginningbytheinvestmentgiant,BuffettandMunger.Andlateron,Iwasreallyreallylucky,anditwasreallyjustastrokeofluck,thatyoucan'tevenmakeitupinfictions,thatIstrikeagoodconnectionwithCharlieMunger,andbecameaninvestorin2003or2004,andwe'vebeenpartners.Sincethen,basically,hehasbeenamentor,aninvestor,abusinesspartnerandagreatfriendallthisyears.
我特别幸运的是能够在职业发展早期就受到投资大师巴菲特和芒格的影响。后来的我更是非常非常幸运,获得了小说都不敢写的一系列眷顾——我得以和查理·芒格先生建立很好的关系,并在2003或2004年的时候,芒格先生成为了我的投资人,直到现在我们仍然是合作伙伴。不仅如此,除了投资人与商业伙伴,芒格先生也一直是我持续多年的良师益友。
Andformanymanyyearswe'vebeen,wehavedinnereveryTuesdaynight.That'smyversionofa"TuesdaynightwithCharlie"everyweek(similarto"TuesdayafternoonwithMorrie").Thatlastedforyearsuntiljustrightaroundthepandemic,andwetalkalotmore.
多年以来,我们每周二都会共进晚餐,聊很多话题,这成为了我个人版本的“与芒格相约周二晚”。这一惯例持续了很多很多年,直到疫情来临。
SoobviouslyIhadagreatdealofinfluencebyhim.ButIhavetosaythatthegreatestinfluencefromCharlie,wasreallybeyondjusttheinvestment.Hewasmoreofarolemodelandthewayheconductedhimselfinreallife.Now,Ithinkforeveryprofession,everybody,itiswonderfultohavemodelsinlife.Andoftenwefindrolemodelamongtheeminentdead,becauseitissafer.
显而易见,查理·芒格对我影响至深。他对我最大的影响,其实远超投资领域。他的为人处世,一直是我的榜样和标杆。我认为每个人的生命里能有一个榜样是特别好的。通常我们会在逝去的大师里寻找榜样,因为这样更安全。
Itisprettyriskytopickarolemodelwhoisstillaliveandthereisalwaysariskofdisappointment.Butinmycase,Igotreallyreallyluckyinthesensethatmyrolemodelneverfailedmeandinsteadcontinuedtoinspiremerightintohis97thyear.
的确,寻找一个活着的榜样是有让自己失望的风险。但对我而言,我非常非常幸运。因为我的榜样在他97岁的人生中从不曾让我失望,并且还能一直激励我。
Andsomostlyitisreallybasicallyhisattitudetowardslifeandhisabilitytokeepequanimityinasense,inthefaceofupsanddowns,successesorsetbacks,andIwitnessquiteabitofthemoverthe17yearsorsowe'vebeenworkingclosely,andtomaintainthatrationalcomposure,commonsensicalapproachtoallproblems,investmentorlife.Thatisextraordinarilyhard.Anditisabitof,Iguess,againsteverynaturaltendencies.
他对我的影响更多的是他的生活态度,面对生活的波澜而保持荣辱不惊的能力。在过去超过十七年的紧密合作中,我见证了他不少的起起落落,但他的生活哲学与能力,总能让他时刻保持镇定。不论面对任何困难,关于投资或者人生,要维持理性、逻辑和镇定是极难的,这多少有点反人性。
I'vereallywatchedclosely,upcloseandinpersonhowCharliehadconductedhimselfanditisintheirregardthatheisprobablythemostinfluentialpersoninmylife.AndIhavebeenvery,veryluckyinthatregard.
而我有这个殊荣能近距离地观察他是如何处事待人,的确非常幸运,我也受他影响最深。
Butthenwhatotherdimensionsdoyoudothingsdifferentlytodaythanotherinvestorswhoarelesssuccessful
你自己如何评估,相较于其他投资人或者价值投资者,你的投资方法有什么样的独特之处?
Idon'tspendmytimestudyahundredpeopledoingthatthatway.Wespendmostofourtimestudyingindustries,studyingspecificcompanies.We'relookingfortheoneswhoarereallysuccessful,tryingtoanswerwhatreallymakesthemsuccessfulCanthatsuccessbecontinued
Andsomeofthetimewehaveanswers,andsomeofthetimewedon't,wejustcontinuetoreallystudythemandcontinueedituntilwehaveananswer.
有的时候我们能够找到答案,有的时候找不到。我们能做的只是持续地研究,学习,直到找到答案。
Andthenonethingthatweneedtobetisalwaysimportantforusisthisintellectualhonesty.Basicallyknowingthatwereallydon'tknow,whatwedoknowandwedon't.Inotherwordsifyouclaimacircleofconfidence.Youhavetounderstandtheashoftheconfidence.Youhavetoknowwhatisfalseinwhatisclosecall.Youhavetobeveryhonestwithyourself.
有一点对于我们而言一直是非常重要的,就是“对知识的诚实”。说白了就是明白你知道什么和不知道什么。你要有一个能力圈,并且明白它的边界在哪。你必须要了解一家公司的优势在哪里,包括哪一些是可以预测的,哪一些是看不到的,你必须对自己保持这样的诚实。
Sowereallyinsistonknowinginsideandouttheparticularbusinessesandtothepointwhereweareabletopredictitsoutcome,forexample,inthenext10years.AtleastIwanttoknowattheworstcasescenario,whatthebusinesswouldlooklike10yearsfromnow.That'swhatwedohavealongtermhorizoninterms.Wecan'treallypredictthatforever.ButIwanttoseewhatIcanpredictwithaveryhighdegreeofconfidencein90%ofconfidencethatataminimumwiththebusinesswilllooklikein10yearsandthenalldifferentcontingencies.
所以我们坚持要把一个生意的里里外外都了解得非常清楚,直到我们有能力预测它的发展。举个例子,我们至少希望了解在最糟糕的境遇下,一个公司十年后变成什么样?因此,我们可以说是具备了长期视野,虽然不可能预测得到永远的未来,但我们希望看到自己至少有90%的把握预测未来的十年里,在各种偶发事件之下,一个公司到底会发展如何?
Andsoandmostofthetimebutwedon'thaveananswer.Wejustkeepstudyingandkeepatit.Andsometimeswestudyforyearsandyearsbeforeyousee.wereallygetitandthenwewillwaitforpricetocometoourstrikingzoneandalotofthetimetheydon't.Andsothatmakesourselectionvery,verydifficult.sowhenwedoselectthem,wetendtoreallyownthemforveryverylongtime.
Becausethebusinessiswheretheyarereallygoodandwereallyfullyunderstandandareveryrare.Andhowdoyoumeanwhenyoureallydoyouunderstand,soanythingthatwewouldownwewouldbuyalotmoreastheygodown.
因为真正优质而我们又足够了解的生意是极其稀有的。当我们真正了解一家公司时,这意味着什么呢?这意味着任何我们选择持有的标的,当其价格下跌时,我们会持续购入。
Howdoyoustart
你们具体会怎样开始?
Yeah,iftheygo,that's50%is60%ofthebrandwebuymore.Sothatreallygivesyouameasureofourdefinitionofwhetherweunderstandthem.
当价格下跌百分之五十甚至百分之六十时,我们会更大规模的增持。这样的举动,就是我们对一个公司是否足够了解的界定标准。
DoyouprefertobeageneralistoraspecialistinvestorAndwouldoneworkbetterintheChinesemarketthantheother
作为投资者,你倾向于当一个通才还是专才?在中国市场做投资,哪一种能把投资做的更好?
Wellinasense,youalwayswanttobeageneralist,uh,intermsofastudentofbusinesses.Andyou’reinterested,youknow,youhavetohavetobegoodatthisgame,youhavetohavetheinnateintensivecuriosityaboutthebusiness,allkindsofbusinesses.Itdoesn’tmeanyou’regoingtoreallygettothebottomofit.Oftentimesyoudon’tifyou’rehonestwithyourself.
从某种方面来讲,作为学习商业的学生,最好是方方面面都有所了解,如果你想要做一个好的投资者的话,你必须要对各种各样的行业有着强烈的好奇心,这并不是说一定要对每个行业都要有非常透彻的了解。坦白地讲,这常常是做不到的。也很难对每个行业那么了解,我们还是要对自己诚实一些。
Butbythetimeyoureallygetintothecompaniesyoureallydecidedtoinvest,youreallybetterbecomeatruespecialist.Andtothepointyoureallyknow,hopefullybetterthananybodyintheworldyoucanfind,includingthetopmanagementteam,thetopmanagementteam,becausetheymanagethecompany,theytendtobe,uhdeeplypersonallyvestedintheirownbiases,andmaynotbeabletolookatthebusinessasobjectivelyrationallyasyoudo.
但是你一定要有这样的好奇心,当你决定投资一家公司的时候,你一定要成为这家公司的专才,要非常了解这家公司,要比世界上任何一个人都要了解这家公司,甚至比他们的高管更加了解,因为高管在日常管理工作中都会带上自己的认知偏见,有的时候可能身在此山中没有办法跳出来看。所以你必须要成为对于这家公司真正的了解,把你自己全身心的投入其中,这样你才能更加有信心的投资这家公司。
Sothat’sareallytest,soyouwanttobeatruespecialistinthecompanyyouchosetoreallyinvest.Butyouwanttobeageneralistalwaysofbusinessingeneral.Sothatyourcoreconfidence,yourcircleofconfidenceconstantlyevolvingandenlargingovertime.
所以说,这真的很有挑战,就你要投资的个体公司而言,你应该是一个专家,但是对于整体的商业你要有广泛的认知,这样你的认知能力圈和核心竞争力才可以不断的拓展增强。
IfIstillreallyknowwhatIknewwhenIstarted,whenIfirsttookyourclass,wherewouldyoufirstinvestwith,wewillnotreallyhaveanywhereneartheresults,andwebothenjoyed,soluckilythat,thatwecontinuetoexpand,andwecontinuetolearn.Butontheotherhand,itisafascinatingtoseethathowbusinessevolvedoverthelastfewdecadeswillcontinuetoevolveinthenextfewdecadesandthatreallymakesmefeelthatboy,I’mluckytochoosethisfieldthatIgetpaidto,reallysatisfymycuriosityandtolearnfromallthesegreatpeopleandgreatenterprisesservingsociety,soIfeelhappyeverydaydoingwhatIdo.
我在最开始学习和实践投资的时候,其实没有达到这样的程度,但是幸运的是我们一直在路上,一直在持续学习。这样的过程其实也是非常美好的,你可以亲历过去几十年商业社会的发展,并且在未来继续见证,这让我非常庆幸于自己对于投资职业的选择。这也是为什么我每天都很享受于工作的原因,我不仅获得财务回报,还满足了好奇心,还能跟各行各业的优秀人才学习。
4、新的投资者应该接受什么样的教育?
OK,sointermsofvalueinvestingeducationyouactuallyplayedabigroleinpromotingandadvocatingvalueinvestingfromthebookstoactuallyunderwrotethisclassthatwetalkedaboutwhereIwenttoBeijingUniversity,andIthinkitstillsurvives.What’syourvisionforthekindofeducationthatanewinvestorshouldembraceandwherethateducationmightbeavailable
接下来想问问你关于价值投资领域的教育。其实你也在积极的倡导和支持价值投资的理论传播。包括你也一直在支持北京大学价值投资的课程。从你的角度看,对于新投资者来说,应该如何去学习和了解价值投资呢?
Well,firstofall,thankyou,Bruce,forcometoteachattheBeijingUniversityvalueinvestingclassthatmycolleagueJinChangandIstarted6yearsago,andnowis6yearsandstillrunning,andrunningverywell.Andyouhaveplayedanimportantroletothat.
Ithinkouroriginalinspirationforthatclasswasreallybasedonprettymuchyourclass.AndyourclassisprettymuchinspiredandthecontinuationoftheBenGraham'sclass,andGrahamandDodd,andwhichhadamongothers,WarrenBuffettasastudent,andI'myourstudent.Therewillbemanymore,muchbrighterinvestorscomingafterus,andthat'sagoodthing.Sowe'retryingtodoourpart,toreallytopassonthephilosophy,thethinking,andthepracticalpartsofvalueinvesting,tothenextgeneration,inasense.
您对于这个课程的设立其实有着至关重要的作用,因为这个课程设计的最初启发,就源于您在哥大的课程。您的课程是本杰明格雷厄姆教授经典课程的延续与传承。格雷厄姆教授的众多优秀弟子中,有巴菲特这样的著名学生;而我是您的学生。之后,会有更多更聪明的投资新星,将从我们这里继续薪火相传。这是一个好事情,所以我们尽自己的绵薄之力,把我们的想法、我们的认知以及我们在实践当中所学到的经验教授给新的投资者,教给下一代。我们希望尽自己的绵薄之力把我们的价值投资的理念、认知以及实践当中所学到的经验传承给下一代。
So,intermsofayoungerstudent,whenyoustartedtoday,soIthinkafewthingswillbeimportant.WhenItalktoyoungstudentsandpeoplewhostartedout,tryingtogetintothefield,Isayseveralthingsthatisimportant.
而对于年轻刚刚起步的学生来讲,应该考虑如下几个重要的点。这也是我一直给想进入投资领域的年轻人和年轻学生说的。
Youneedtoalwaysadoptaowner'smentality.AndsoIliketoreallyaskayoungstudentorananalystatourfirmbasicallytoimagine,allofasuddenthatoneofyourunknownunclediedandhandedover100%ownershiptothecompanytoyou,andthat'sthebusinessyouaregoingtostudy,soanycompany,thinkofthestartingpointthatway.Andonceyoureally,kindof,thinkonyourown100%thatway,yourmentalityistotallydifferent.
首先,你需要有一种所有人意识。我会经常问年轻的学生或者我们公司新的分析师这个问题:假设你有个从未谋面的远房叔叔突然去世了,他公司百分之百的的股权转交到了你的手上。这就是你需要去研究的公司,任何公司我认为都是要从这个起点出发去了解研究的。一旦你认识到你对一个公司有着全部的股权,你的心态会完全不一样。
Soyouneverknowthatbusinessexisted,nowyouown100%ofit.Youhavenoideahowtorunit.Youdon’tknowthepeoplewhowillrunit.WhatdoyoudoAlotofthethingsyouknow,youdon'tunderstand.Youjustknowthefacts,youdon'tunderstandit,butthat'sok,youaregonnacontinuetolearn,untilyouget100%ofit.
此前,你根本不知道这个公司的存在,但现在你却100%拥有了全部股权——虽然你还不知道如何经营这个公司,对它的管理团队也不了解。这种情况下,你会怎么做?你肯定是想方方面面的能了解多少就了解多少,有的时候你对拿到的信息不了解,没关系,你可以进一步的研究,直到你了解熟悉掌握。
Andevenifthen,becauseoftheconstantchange,you'regonnatocontinuetoevolveyouknowledgeofit.Nowifyouadoptthatmentality,studyanybusinesses,youwillhavereallystartedtheprocessofbecomingarealvalueinvestor.Sothat'sthefirstthing.
即便是这样,因为事物都是在不断地变化的,所以你也要持续的研究和学习。现在,如果你能具备这样的所有人意识,再来研究任何的公司,你就能在价值投资者的道路上走得更好。这是第一点。
Thesecondthingisyoureallywanttomaintainintellectualhonestyandthatisveryveryveryimportant.Youhavetobereallyhonestofwhatyouknow,whatyouassume,whatyoupretendunsubconsciously,andwhatyoudon’tknow,howdoyoureallyknowthat.
第二点,你需要保持对知识的诚实的态度。知之为知之,不知为不知,一定要诚实,这一点非常非常重要。你必须诚实地面对自己所知道的,所假设的,潜意识里假装知道的,以及不知道的事物。你是怎么知道这些呢?
OneofthethingsthatCharliehavetalkedaboutthatIthinkmakethemostsenseisthatI'mneverentitledtohaveaview,untilIcanfindthesmartestpeopleontheplanetwhotooktheothersideofthatviewandIcanarguebetterthatoppositionthanhedoes,andwhenIcandothat,Iwouldbeentitledtohaveaview.Samethingappliestoinvestinginasensethat,thatintellectualhonestyisagoodlifephilosophytobeginwith.Itiscritical,itisvitalwhenitcomestoinvestment.
查理·芒格曾经说过一个我认为很有道理的观点,除非我找到地球上最聪明的同时与我持有不同观点的人,并且能辩过他;否则我就无权发表观点。当我能做到这一点,我才有权拥有一个观点。理性诚实是很重要的人生哲理,在投资领域也是必不可少的。
BecauseasIsaid,thesecuritymarketalwaysexiststoapoint,toreallytofindyourweaknesses,yourdishonesty,yourpretension,yourbushy-mushyknowledges,andifyoudonotreallypossessthatfundamentalattitudeofintellectualhonesty,you'llbedestroyedatsomepointduringthis,duringyourcareerbythefinancialmarket.Itwasalwaysdesignedthatwaytocatchyou.
证券市场的存在几乎就是为了找到人的弱点,人的不诚实,人的自命不凡以及急躁而又糊涂的观点。如果不具备理性诚实的人生态度,那么你在职业生涯中的某个时候会被金融市场摧毁。金融市场几乎就是为攻击人性的弱点而设计的。
CanI,canIsaysomethingaboutthat,becauseItwasbetterdesignedthatway.Everytimeyoubuyasecurity,thinkingit'sgoingtodowell,somebodyelseissellingyouthatsecuritythinkingit'sgoingtodobad,andviceversa.Andoneofyouisalwayswrong.Soyoubetterbesurethatyou'retheonethat'sontherightsideofthattransaction.
我能说两句吗?我觉得金融市场要好于你认为的设计路径。每次你在投资的时候觉得这个股票绝对是好的才会买,但是卖方在卖出的时候肯定是觉得这个股票不行了才卖,反之亦然。所以其中一方肯定是想错了。所以你必须要确保在交易的买卖双方当中你是对的那一方。
Well,itis,thereissomezero-sumaspect,butnotalways.
好吧,这里有一点零和博弈的味道,不过并不是每个交易都是这样的。
Oh,no,it'sahundredpercentzero-sum.Theaveragereturntoallinvestorsinanyassetclassandthereforeinallallassetclasses,istheaveragereturntoallthoseassets,itbringsout...
不不不,我认为证券市场是百分之百的零和市场。任意资产类别中所有投资者的平均回报,也就是所有资产类别中所有投资者的平均回报,就是所有这些资产的平均回报。
Ijusttakeaslightdifferentview,butI'mnevergoingtoargueagainstmyprofessors.
你的观点和我的有些不一样,但是我不会和您,我的教授争辩的。
I’mjustgonnasay…
我就是想说……
Let’sjustagreetodisagree.That’sOK.It’safairpoint.Itisafairpoint.AnotherthingIwouldsayisthatyouwanttoreallydevoteasmuchtimeaspossibletostudythehistoryofthebusinesses,andthehistoryofthegreatbusinessmeninthepast.Themoreyoustudymorecompanies,thebetteryouarewhenitcomestojudgementongoodopportunitiesandthejudgmentaboutfundamentalcharacteristicsofthecompanyofinterest.
在这个问题上,我们就保持各自不同的观点,求同存异吧。您讲的确实也很有道理。
第三点就是要全身心的投入去研究这个公司的过往,包括成功的商人过去的一些历史经历。你研究学习的越多,你在决策的时候就判断的更准,更容易抓住好的机会,而且更加能够把握好你感兴趣公司的基本面特征。
Andso,Isayallthreethingsareimportant:
1.tostartwiththe100%ownermentality,
2.tocontinuetotrainyourselftohaveahighdegreeofintellectualhonesty,
3.andlastlytobereallyathoroughstudentofthehistoryofthebusinesses.
Allthreethingsarereallygoingtobeveryhelpfulifyouarebeginningtogetintothefieldofinvestmentoryouwanttoreallyimproveyourgame.Sothat'smyadvicetothestudents.
这三点都非常重要:
首先,要锻炼自己保持百分之百的所有人心态,
第二,一定要训练自己保持百分百对知识诚实的态度,
第三,一定要保持不断学习的心态,去彻底了解这个公司的过往和方方面面。
如果你刚刚进入到价值投资的领域,或者你纯粹就是为了提升自己的投资水准学习,所有这些都能够帮助到你。这就是我对年轻学生们的建议。
That'sgoodadvice.I'mnotgoingtoarguewiththat.
非常好的建议,我完全同意。
Whenyoulookbackoveryourowncareer,aretherethingsthatwhetheratColumbiaBusinessSchoolorinyourcareersincethen,youwouldhavedonedifferentlythatwouldhavehelpedyougettowhereyouaretodaysortofmorequicklyandmoreeasily
回望您个人的发展路程,包括在哥大学商学院以及后来的职业生涯,有没有什么事情你今天会做法不同的?
Yeahwell,whenIlookback,IfeelextraordinarilyluckyandIfeelnothingbutgratitude.IfeelluckytoaccidentallysteppedintoBuffett'slectureatyourclassbasically,atthefirsttimehecame.IfeelextraordinarilyluckythatwhenIgotintothebusinessandthatIstrokeuparelationshipwithMr.CharlieMunger.IfeelextraordinarilyfortunatetoliveinaperiodoftimewhenboththeUnitedStatesandChinaaregoingthroughafundamentaleconomicgrowthandprovideenormousamountofopportunitythatIhappentoreallyknowbothmarketswell.Andso,Ilookbackatmycareer,Ifeelnothingbutgratitude.
回看过去,我觉得自己超级幸运,并充满感恩:
我非常幸运地偶然在您的课上遇到了巴菲特先生,这还是他第一次来哥大演讲。
我非常幸运地进入投资行业,并和能和查理·芒格先生建立紧密的关系。
更幸运的是,我所在的时代,中国和美国都在经历着巨大的的经济增长,这样的发展也给我们带来了非常多的机遇,而我刚好对两边的市场都比较了解。
因此,回望过去的职业路径,我没有什么后悔的,我都是充满了感恩之心。
2
Okay,sointhisconcentration,insortofnowinvestingingreatbusinesses,canyoupleasespecificaboutwhatkindofbusinessyoulookforWhatarethecharacteristicsofagreatbusinessinparticularWhatdetailedcharacteristicsyoulookforAndhowyouputavalueonthosebusinesses
你认为什么样的公司你认为是适合投资的好公司,他们有哪些具体的特性?其中,你重点会看的是什么?又会如何对这些公司估值呢?
Yeah,well,greatbusinessaretheoneswhoreallyhaveaboveaveragereturnsoninvestedcapital.ButthatkindofabusinessthatisactuallyattractimitatorsCompetitors.Everybodywantstohaveaboveaveragereturnonreinvestedcapital,andsotrulygoodbusinessistheonewhocanfendoffcompetitors,whocanreallyhaveenduringcompetitiveadvantageandcapthathigherthanaveragereturnoninvestedcapitalandhopefullyalsohavealongrun-rateofcontinuousgrowth.Thosearethebusinesseswearelookingfor,andtheycouldreallycomeinallindustriesinallshapesandforms.butthey'rerarethey'rereally,reallyrare.
好公司的资本回报率(ROIC)一定是高于平均水平的。但是这样的业务,也会招来很多的竞争对手和模仿者,因为大家都想拿到超额的资本回报率。所以,真正的好公司其实是那些可以甩开竞争者,同时拥有可持续的竞争优势和较高资本回报率的公司,而且它还要能长期持续增长。这就是我们在找的好公司。他们会出现在所有的行业,有各样的形式,但的确非常的稀有。
Tohaveabusinessgenerateaboveaveragereturnsoveralongtimeonacompoundfashion.Again,itreallyagainstthenaturalorderofthings.It'sreallyonlyhasasmallsliceofallbusinesshasbelongedtothatcategory.Soifyoureallyluckyenoughtoreallyfindoneofthoselong-termcompounders,allwehavetodoisreallytoownthemandownthemforthelongestperiodoftime.Nowithelpswhenyoureallybuythematthetimewhenwe'rehappentobetreatedyouknowasadiscountforintrinsicvaluesothatifyouwerewrongaboutthem,youwon'tlosemoney.Andifyou'reright,youwillhavemorereturnsovertime.
因为能长期地产生高于市场的资本回报率,本身就不是常态。只有非常少的公司能属于此类。所以如果你能足够幸运的找到一家这样的公司,你需要做的就是长期持有它。
Butoverthelongestperiodoftime,ifyoudoownthemthroughtheupanddowns,yourreturnroughlyapproximatebasicallytheactualbusinessreturntothe(actually)capitalinvestedinthebusinessitselfoverthelongterm.Thetwotendtoreallyconvergeprettyclosely.Andso,understandingthestudythenatureofthatbusiness,thedynamicthecompetitionisreallythemostimportantthingastheinvestorandasastudentofthebusiness.
AndasIsaid,thereisn'treallyasetofthings,havereallymadethemthatway.Everybusinessreallybuildtheirfortressslightlydifferently,andyoujusthavetoreallyactuallywillbehonestwithyourselfandstudyfromeverypossibleanglesAndtoreallyconvincethattheashenarecurrentlyenjoying,enjoyingtrulyareenduringandtheytrulyhavealongrunwayaheadofthem.Andtheytrulyhavealonglongwayaheadofthem.Andiftheyprovetobeexactlyasyoupredictedovertheyears,wereallywanttostayonthemthroughtheupanddown,thickandthin,nottobereallydissuadedeasily.
但是没有一个固定的模式让这些公司成为好公司。每一个公司建立核心竞争优势的方式都会有些许的不同,你只需要诚实虚心的让自己去学习每个可能性,去确定他们现在所获得的优势能长期保持。如果数年后你的判断被证明正确,你就能更坚定地在市场波动中持有这样的公司,而不受到动摇。
Okay,canIactuallytalkalittlebitaboutthosebusinessesImean,inlimitingcompetitionandIthinkCharlieMungeristhemasteratthis,andthey'rereallyinterestedinmoats.Thatisthebarrierstoentryintothebusinessbecauseit'skeepingpeopleoutthat'sgoingtolimitcompetition.
好的,我们继续深入讨论一下这个话题。查理·芒格先生是研究竞争优势护城河的大师。护城河其实是商业门槛,能让很多人难以进市场从而限制市场竞争格局。
Yeah.
是的。
Ifyouthinkaboutamoat,thereareprobablytwoelementsaboutmoats.So,thinkofitfromapointofviewofacompanytryingtogetintothebusiness.Oneiseconomiesofscale.Howbigdoyouhavetoget,howbigamarketsharedoyouhavetocaptureinordertobeviableasacompetitorSoinautomobile,thatistheglobalautomobilemarket,it'sreallylarge.Andifyouget1to2%share,you'regonnabefine.Inothermarketslike,forexample,localdistributionofcarbonatedsoftdrinks,yougottagetto20to25%ofthemarkettosupporttheinfrastructurethatyouneed,andtocompete.So,thefirstthingistheeconomiesofscale.
谈到护城河,从一家公司试图进入这个行业的角度来考虑,可能有两个因素需要考虑,第一个因素是规模效应。你的这个公司要有多大的市场份额,才能够在市场中生存下去。
比如说像全球的汽车产业,如果一个公司能占有1%-2%的市场份额的话,它就可以活的不错;但其他比如说软饮的地方渠道商这样的领域,你需要获得20%-25%的市场份额才能在市场中生存下去。所以第一个竞争壁垒就是规模经济。
ThesecondthingIthinkandagain,I’msortofthinkingaboutCharlieMungerhere,ishowhardisittogetthatmarketshareWhichisallaboutcustomercaptivityinacontestedenvironmentwhereuniquetechnologywillhelpyouwiththat,andsoon.
第二个因素,在这里我又一次想到芒格的观点,就是你获得这样市场份额的困难程度,这关系着竞争中,公司的客户粘性有多大,是否有相应的技术手段帮助提升客户粘性。
So,supposeyougottogetto25%share.Weknowforcaffeinatedsoftdrinks,that0.2%sharechangeshandseveryyearinacontestedmarket.So,togetto25%,you'veprobablygota125-yearmoat.Doyoudoacalculationlikethatforthecompaniesyou'relookingat,youlookatthosetwoelementsexplicitly
因此,假设你需要获得25%的市场份额,而我们已知软饮行业每年有0.2%的市场份额转手率,因此要达到25%,你可能需要125年去建立护城河。对于你所寻找的公司,你看这两个元素时,会做这样的计算吗?
well,thatandmore.
我会考虑更多。
Okay,thenwhat'sthemore
更多什么呢?
Thescaleisimportantinthere.Actually,thereisascaleeconomyinthosebusinesses,noteverythingactuallyhaveascaleeconomy.Andso,sometimesthatthescalebecomesacontractpoint,makeitactuallymoredifficulttoreallymanage,butinascaleeconomy,thatthescaleitdoesreallybecomeacompetitiveadvantage.Andthen,butthedynamicwouldhavechangedafteracertainscale,informationautomobile,that'interestingexample,youknowwhathappensatdifferentphasesoftheindustry.
规模效应当然很重要。事实上,很多行业都存在规模经济效应,但也并不是每个行业都存在规模效应。有时候规模大了也有负面作用,让公司难以管理。但是有规模效应时,这当然会成为竞争优势。但公司到达一定规模时,市场的格局和潜力也会发生变化。比如刚才你提到的汽车行业就是个有趣的例子,这个行业在不同阶段的情况是不一样的。
Theconsumersideisalsoimportantinasense,thatifyouhavequiteabitofconsumeraddictionproducts,brandloyalty,obviouslythatisimportant.Andthey'regoodforalongtimeuntilthey'renotgood.Thingstochange,newproductcategorieswouldhavecomealongandrun,gettiredandold,notrefreshed.Needfornewgenerationsreallydon'tliketohavethesametasteastheirparentsandgrandparents.
同时,消费者的因素也很重要。如果你有足够有粘性的产品和品牌忠诚度,这就很有市场竞争力。这种优势可以持续很久,不过也可能在某天突然失效。对于新一代的消费者而言,他们的需求和父辈、祖辈很不一样,这就需要有新的品类来替代那些乏味、过时或者让人失去新鲜感的旧品类。
So,that'sreallythemostinterestingaspectofbusinesses,whatisonlyconstant,istheconstantchange.Allgreatbusinesschangesovertime.AndIabsolutelyknowbusinesswhocanreallyremainthatcompetitiveedgeforever,butsomeofthebusinessreallycankeepitforvery,very,verylongtime.
这就是商业最有趣的地方:唯一不变的就是变化本身。很少有公司能够长期或者永远的维持自己的竞争优势,但是有一些公司确实能做到。
Andofcourse,whenitchanges,itisreallyuponthemanagementteamtobeabletoreallyreallocatecapitaltowardsthosebusinesses.Actuallynowweenjoyarobustcompetitiveadvantage.NowtakeexamplewithBerkshire,inastartingoutasalousybusinesses,losingbusinesses,textileinNewEngland,andWarrenandCharlie'sskillsisthattheytookthelastbitofthecashflowandskillfullyinvestedinsomeotherbusinesses,reallyontherightsideofthetrajectory.Butovertime,someofthosebusinessesbegantoloseitscompetitiveadvantage,andthentheytookthatcapitalandtheallocatetotheonesthat.So,obviouslymanagement'scapabilityofallocatingcapitalalsoplaysaveryimportantrole.
Andofcoursethatthecultureofacompanyintheindustrythat'srapidlychanging.So,thenyou'realwaysafewstepaheadofyourcompetitors,whichallowsyoutoalwaysobservingontheedgethatalsobecomes,enduringcompetitiveadvantageifthatcultureendures.
当然,公司有可持久的文化也很重要,这样能让你总能领先于竞争对手几步,从而总能立于潮头,成为有持久核心竞争力的公司。
So,ineveryspecificbusinesses,whatreallymakethemsuccessfularevery,verydifferentandtheychangeovertime,andsothatisthemostfascinatingaspect,ofthecompetitivedynamicsandalsothemostfascinatingaspectofbeinganinvestor.
总而言之,企业的成功各有不同,公司与竞争格局也总是在发生变化,而这也是让我作为一个投资者最着迷的地方。
3、李录在投资公司时考虑哪些因素?
Asoftoday,howdoyoudothisdifferentlyWouldyousayfrommostotherinvestments,aretherethingsthatyoulookatspecificallyAretherewaysthatyouapproachcompaniesNowI'lltellyouthethingthatwhenIstartedinvestingwithyouandI'mhonoredtosaythatIearnedalotofmoneydoingit,thatappealedtomewaswhatyoumentionedinyourintroduction,whichissmall,thesmallbusinessesare,orsmallmarketsarenecessarilymarkets,thatwehavetogetabigshare,becauseonefirmcandominateandthat'snotsomethingthatmostinvestorslookat.So,inwhatotherwaysdoyoudothingsdifferentlyfrommostothervalueinvestorsandinvestors
你是怎样创造出今天这不凡成就的呢?挑选投资标的时,你会特别注意哪些方面呢?你是怎样研究解读公司的呢?其实我最早投资你的时候,最吸引我的地方就是在于你提到的小而美的公司或市场,在这些标的里我们必须要获得足够多股份,而这点不是大多数投资者所看重的。
Yeah.Well,you'reright.Well,youinvestedwithmeoryoubegantoinvestwithme.ThankGod.You'restillwithme.So,thankyouforyourcontinuedtotrustandconfidence.Nobackthenwewerelookingforasmallerbusinessbecauseofthosethebusiness,IfeelIcanunderstandthem.Andasweevolve,webegantolookforbiggerbusinesses.Wecanalsounderstandthatbiggerbusinessdoescomewithawholesetofadvantagesthatiftheyarerightinasense,andtheyalsocomeinwithawholebunchofproblems.
是的,首先很感谢教授您从最初到现在,都一如既往的支持与信任我。在当时,我们的确是专注于较小规模的公司,因为我更容易了解他们的商业模式。但随着我们的发展,我们也开始看一些我们能懂的更大型的公司。这些大公司如果路径正确,他们能有全盘的一揽子竞争优势,但同时也可能有着一系列问题。
Andso,we'renotreallyoaky,justbigormediumorsmallsizeisoneconsideration,butit'snotinthemostimportant,certainlynotadeterminingfactoriswhenwe'relookingforbusinesses.
因此我们其实并不是用规模来定义我们所寻找的公司,它是一个判断因素,但不是最重要的。
Theyarebigbusinessesbecauseofacertaindynamicsarestillgrowingatarealbusttopacethatitbecomingevenmoreentrenchedastheybecomebiggerandstillhavelongrunswithgrowth.So,thatjustexists.Youknow,themostrecentphenomenalofthetechnologyplatform,becauseofthenetworkandnetworkeffect,someofthebusinesshavefitinthatcharacteristics.Nowtheydon'tnecessarilyalwaysgrowforever,buttheyhavebeengrowingforalong,longtimeandlikelytocontinueforsometime.Andso,justthesizeitself,incertainlynotthemostdeterminingfactorby,yeah.
AndhowmuchismanagementthepartofthatAndhowdoyoulookformanagementtohavethatcapability?
在选择公司的过程中,管理团队的分量是什么样的?你们如何找到符合预期的管理层呢?
Wellinalotofthecompanies,themanagementwillmakebigdifferences.Thecultureofthosemanagementwillproducewillmakeabigdifference.
对大多数公司来说,管理层都会有巨大影响。不同的风格与文化,在同一公司会产出完全不同的结果。
Butinasmallsetofexperiences,managementreallymattersalmostnothing.Bestthestrengthsofbusinessitself,reallyhasadynamicofitsownthatreallyalmostanybodycanrunitandrunitwell,relatively.Nowthosebusinessesarereallyrare,notthatmany.Canprobablyputtheminonehandortwohands.
但我也遇到极少数例子,管理层对业务的影响可以忽略。这样的公司的长项就是他们有一套自己的运营体系、极具生命力,几乎任何人都能管理和经营,并且做得相对不错。不过这样的公司凤毛麟角,一两只手就能数得过来。
AndsoeachagainIcomebacktothesituation.Eachtimeisdifferent.Youhavetoreallylookforeachspecificcompany.Thatcompanyinspecificwaysandaskallkindsofappropriatequestionsandstudythemoverlongperiodtimeinordertoreallyhonestlysaythatyouactuallyunderstandthem,understandthemenough(that)youcanpredicttheoutcomein10yearsevengivenalltheupanddownsinthemacroenvironment.
3
1、市场今天的情况像过往当中的哪一个阶段呢?
Okay.So,whataboutthemarkettodayImeanitseemshighlyvalued.Imeanifyoulookatfixedincome,itseemsunprecedented.Thatsaiddoesthemarkettodayremindyouofanyhistoricalperiodsyou'velivedthroughingoodwaysorbad,andyouhaveadviceforanybodyonhowtonavigate
你怎么看待现在的市场情况?这看上去是一个估值过高的市场。比如固定收益目前是史无前例的高。回顾你投资道路上所经历的历史周期,现在的市场情况是否让你想到过去某一个好的或者坏的时期呢?如何在这样的市场中正确决策,你有什么心得与方法?
Well,we,weusuallydon'tstudytoomuchaboutthemarketexceptwhenthey'rereallytreat.Andthisisahappenstobeoneofthemismoreextremeperiodoftime.Itistruly,inmanywaysthatwe'reinuncharteredterritories,themonumentquiddityofthisbeingprinted,thelevelofinterestrate,andalsotheslowpaceofthegrowth.Allofthosearequitereallyremarkableinthisperiodoftime.So,howdoyoureallydealwiththem
其实我们并不会过度研究宏观市场,除非整个市场真的变得非常极端。而现在,我们的确处在一个面临各种未知的极端时期。市场的流动性、利率水平、以及经济的增速放缓都使得现在市场变得极端。我们如何应对呢?
Wedon'tnecessarilythinkthathistorywillrepeat.Andso,everytimeit'sslightlydifferentinsteadofguessingthepatternsofhistoryandwhethertheyrepeat,wefocusedonselectingcompaniesthatcanreallyliftthroughthethickandthin.Whatevertheenvironment,businesswillcontinue,somebodywilldowell.Wejustwon'treallyhaveinthosecompanies,becausethey'recapableofdealingwiththoseextraordinarysetofuncertainties,andthey'llbedoingfine.
我们其实不认为历史会重演。每一个时期都有各自的不同。与其猜测历史规律的重复性,我们更愿意专注于挖掘和选择能跨越周期的公司。不管是什么样的环境,总有公司会活下去,总有人能活的很好。我们只需要去投资这些有能力应对极端不确定性的公司就好。
2、如何应对环境的危机
So,you'velivedthroughinyour23yearsrunningMLAofanumberofmajorfinancialcrisis,theAsiacrisisin'97,thetechbustin2000,thefinancialcrisisin2008.AndactuallylastyeartheCOVID-19situation.Aretherespecificthingsyoulearnaboutmanagementsorcompaniesthatyoulookforinthosecrises
Well,soasyousaid,inmy24yearsofmanagingHimalayaCapital,wehavegonethroughseveralofthosebigcrisis.Eachtimewhenthathappens,itwasasbuiltasonceinthecenturycrisis.
正如你所言,喜马拉雅的24年中,我们经历了几轮大的经济危机。
Itprobablywas,exceptithappensonthetimeframeaboutevery5to10years.So,thefinancialmarketboomandbusthasbeenaconstantphenomenonsincethebeginningofthefinancialmarketseveralhundredyearsago.Andalsodrivenbyhumannature.Aslongashumannatureremainsthatwayitwillneverchange.Itwillalwaysbewithus.Nowasaproductofevolution,wehumanarebasicallyrunnotnecessarilyinaveryrationalway.Nowwe'reverygoodatrationalization,butwe'renotverygoodatbeingrational.
几乎每5-10年,就会发生一次这种世纪大危机。因此,从百年前金融市场起步阶段开始,泡沫的诞生、增长与破灭其实一直在这个市场持续发生。而这是由人性导致的,人性是永远不会改变的。作为进化的产物,人性不是理性构建的。我们可能擅长对事物进行合理化分析,但是并不擅长于保持理性。
So,wealwaysarelookingforit.Inasensewe'regovernedbysomesetofhardwired,hardcodedinstincts.Andlookingforazerosumandwe'relookingforfastmoneyandthey'rereallytotallyscaredwhenthingsgoesagainstyou.So,that'sbasicsenseofgreedandfear.Wewillalwaysenjoyadrive,afinancialmarketupanddown.Particularlywhenitcomestomoney,humansareveryfunny.Ittendstoevokeaprimalpartofhumannature.
因此我们常常追求理性。在某种意义上,我们是受一系列隐秘的有关联性的本能所支配的。因为贪婪与恐惧,我们会追求零和博弈与快钱,而当进展不利时我们也会害怕。正是我们驱使了金融市场的起伏,面对金钱时,人类是可笑的,因为金钱总能激发人性最原始的一面。
Andso,particularlyrelatestofinancialmarketandsecuritymarketmoneythatthathumantendencyoftheextremeinstinctsbecomemoreamplifiedandmoreextreme.Andthat'swhythefinancialmarketfromtheverybeginninghasalwaysbeencharacterizedbyboomandbust.Andwillremainso.
因此,具体到金融证券市场,人性的极端性会被放大到更加极致的状态。这就是为何金融市场的起伏周期从初始就长期存在,且永恒持续。
AndhowdoyoutodealwithsuchanenvironmentthatwillbeconstantOnewaytodealwiththatistoanticipatethatalwaysonthecorner,atalltimes.Andthat'sbasicallyourattitude,thatfinancialcrisiswillhappenallthetime.Peoplewillalwaysbedrivenbyfear,byeuphoria,bythisextremekindofupsanddowns.Andso,we'relookingforbusinessesthatarecapableoflivingthroughthat.Andevenbusinessesthatcouldreallythriveinthatenvironment.Inasensehaveacertaincharacteristicofanti-fragile.
我们该如何应对市场的起落呢?一个办法是意识到市场波动随时都有可能发生。这也是我们所抱持的基本态度。首先,我们要认识到,金融危机随时都可能爆发,因此我们需要寻找的就是那些有韧性,能应对市场周期,甚至在危机中还能茁壮发展的标的公司。某种意义上,这些公司拥有反脆弱的特质。
Andso,thatupanddownbecomessomewhatfriendlyforusinthesense,thatwhenourfavoritecompanyisonsaleinadiscountitby50,60,70%,ifwehavemoney,we'llbuymoreofit.Ifwedon'thavemoney,itisahallmarkofbeingagoodinvestor.Youcansitthroughandwatchyourportfoliodownby50%andnotbeeffectedatall.
如此一来,市场起伏反而对我们比较友善。因为当你青睐的公司,受市场环境影响,价格下跌50%,60%,70%时,如果我们有钱,我们将可以增持更多;而如果我们没有更多的钱,这个市场环境就是优秀投资人的试金石——你是否可以远观你所投的公司股价跌掉50%而巍然不动并挺到最后。
Ontheotherhand,theothersideofthecoinisthatyou'reequallyunaffectedwheneverybodyaroundyouaremakingfastmoney,fastandfurious,alotofthem.Andyou'rereallyseeminglytotallyleftbehind.Andsothat'sreallypartofthetemperamentthatmostpeopledon'thave.Andthat'swhynoteverybodycansucceedinthisgameofinvestment.
另一方面,当周围所有人都在赚快钱的时候,你貌似会被他们远远的抛在身后,如何仍能不被影响是大多数人不具备的性情。然而,这样的性情以及对人性的认知是做好投资所需要的。这也是为何不是每一个人在投资博弈中都能成功的原因。
Andso,tosucceedinthisgamerequiresacertaintemperament.Andacertainunderstandingofhumannature.Also,acertaincommonsensibleapproach.Andknowingthatyourinvestmentreturneventuallywillmirrortheactualbusinessreturnbyactualbusinesses.Andyouknowinreallife,realbusinessesdon'treallychangebyday,byhour,byweek,bymonths.Ittookyearsforthemtoreallyeithergoupordown.Andso,youshouldexpectyourinvestmentresulttocomeinoverslowlygraduallyoveralongperiodoftime.So,theshort-termphenomenashouldnotreallyimpactyouasmuch,eitherontheuporondown.
Andso,ifyouhavethatbasictemperamentandbasicapproaches,whatyou'regoingtofindisthatboththeeuphoria,aswellasthecrash,actuallycanserveyouwell.AndthisisreallygoingbacktoBenGraham'sbasicconceptofMr.Marketthatitistheretoserveyou,nottoinstructyou.Exceptinrealgameoftheinvestment,thosephenomenon,thoseontheupanddown,tendtobequiteextremeandtesting.
如果你有这样的抗干扰个性与基本方法论,其实你会发现市场的疯狂和暴跌仍可以把你服务的很好。这其实就回到了格雷厄姆先生关于市场的基本理论-市场是来服务你,而不是来指导你的。这些市场乱象与起伏,的确会让投资变得非常的极端与困难。
Andso,theotherthingthatwillbeverytestingisthatwereallydoneedtounderstandthebusinessitself.
而另一个困难的事情是,我们需要能真正地理解公司。
Andifyoureallytrytopretendyouunderstand,andyou'rereallydrivenbysomethingelseotherthandeepunderstanding,youwillbetested.Andso,that'sthesalientnatureofthefinancialmarket.Isometimesalmostfeelthattheyexisttoreallytocatchhumanweaknesses.Thatifyoureallydon'tunderstandsomethingthatyou'llpretendto,youwillbebustedatsomepoint.Butifyoutrulyunderstand,youwillbeabletoaddwhenthesecurityreallydown50,60,70%…
如果你假装了解一个公司,那你投资的依据就不来自于对公司的深度了解,而这么做,迟早会让你陷入困境。市场会考验人性的弱点,如果你不懂装懂,投资的泡沫总会在某天破裂。反之,如果你真的懂,你就有能力在价格低点不断地加仓,从而获得超额收益。
Yeah.CanIactuallytalkalittlebitaboutaspecificexamplethereandmaybegetyoutotalkaboutanexampleBecauseoneofthethingsthatyoutalkedaboutwasthestabilityofthesecompaniesandtheirmanagementsinthefaceofacrisis.
我先抛砖引玉,然后你来举出一个具体案例好吗?因为刚刚你也讲到了公司经营的稳定以及管理层应对危机的能力等。
So,acrisistellsyoualot.Andtheonecompanythatobviouslyrecentlyhasdoneextremelywell,andyoucouldseeit,isJohnDeere.So,ifyoulookedatJohnDeerein2000,demandfellby5%andtheirprofitmarginsfelltozero.Ifyoulookatwhathappenstothemin'13,'14,demandfalls35%,andtheirprofitmarginstaysatroughlyhalfofwhatitwasbefore,whichishigherthanithadbeenhistorically.So,clearlythat'sacompanythat'schanged.Andinthefaceofsortofcatastrophic,externalconditions,hasgonefromdoingquitebadlytodoingmuchbetter.Doyouhaveexamplesofthatfromthecompaniesyou'veinvestedin,whereyou'veseenthemperformthroughacrisis
Ido.My27,28yearsofinvestment,that'sthekindofthingsyouwouldcollect,butnormallywedon'ttalkaboutspecificcompanies.
确实,在我做投资的27、28年里,碰到过不少公司应对危机的经历,但通常我们不会讨论具体公司。
Butcouldyousharemaybeahistoricalexperienceofthatsothatthestudentsintheaudiencemighthaveasenseofwhattolookforinlookingforthisstability
Well,Bruce,wetriedthismultipletimesinyourclass.I’mnotgoingtochange.
哈哈,布鲁斯,我们曾经在你的课堂上进行过多次这样的拉锯,我不会谈具体案例的。
Iknow.Thisisveryfamiliartome.
确实,这种对话我再熟悉不过了。
Andthereisasimplelogicreasonwhywedon'tdothat.Onceyouachieveacertainnotorietyinacertainfieldthatpeopletendtoreallycopythat.Andthat'snotthebehaviorwewanttoencourage.Insteadgivingpeoplefish,it'smuchbettertoreallyteachpeoplehowtofish.
3、如看待亚洲尤其是中国市场?
Well,Okay.Solet'stalkabouttheevolutionofmarketsandinparticularata2010panelatColumbiaBusinessSchool,youmentionedthatAsia'sroleintheglobalfinancialsystemwasbecomingincreasinglyimportant.Lookingback,howhasAsia'sroleevolvedinthelast10yearsAndwhataboutChina'srolegoingforwardinboththeworld'sbusinesseconomyandinthefinancial
Theworldisturnedoutexactlyaswepredicted,Asia,indeedbecomealotmoreimportant,particularlyChinainitbecomesevenmoreimportant.AsIlookatinthenextfewdecades,IwouldsaythattheChinesemarketandAsiaingeneralwillbecomeevenmoreimportant.Thesetofdynamicsthatarealreadysetinplacewillcontinuetoplayoffinarobustway.So,theChinesesecuritymarketingeneralandAsiaeconomythatwillbecomeincreasinglyavery,veryimportant,evermoreimportantcomponentoftheglobalmarket.
正如我们预测的,亚洲市场的确越来越重要,特别是中国。展望未来,整个亚洲市场,特别是中国市场,会持续变成全球金融体系中越来越重要的一部分。
Well,alright.SoletmegiveyousomedatathatIdon'tthinkthisfive-yearappreciateit.Imean,theChinesenumbersareobviouslyverydifficulttointerpret,atleasttheofficialnumbers.Andwheneveryouseethatfromacompany,thedatayoureallywanttolookatisthedatewherethere'sareliablecounter.Andthetradedataiswherethere'sareliablecounterpartybecauseeveryChineseexporthastobeanimportfromanothercountry.AndeveryChineseimporthastobeanexportfromanothercountry.
好,那我来给你一组数据,这5年的情况跟你的预测向左。我的意思是,撇开中国(官方)数据的不可考证,进出口贸易的数据就无法造假,因为中国的出口额一定是另一个国家的进口额,反之亦然——就如同你观察一个公司的数据时,也会希望得到的是一个经过严格审计的结果。
Overthelast8to10years,Chinatradehasgrownbyonlyabout2.5%ayear.That'slessthan1%fasterthanU.S.trade.WhatdoesthatsayaboutChinesegrowthImean,that'sclearlymuchslowerthanthetradegrowthprior,sayto2010,2011.Andit'sfluctuatedobviously.Butifanything,it'sslowingdown.WhatdoesthatsayaboutChina'sfuture
好的。我这里有一些关于中国市场的数据。在过去的8-10年,中国的贸易每年仅有2.5%的增长,这个比美国的贸易增长速度仅仅快不到1%,如何解读这个增长速度?我想说的是,这个增速对比2010年和2011年的时候要低很多的,而且很波动起伏,并且整体增速放缓,这对中国未来的经济发展意味着什么?
Well,ittellsyouthatthecharacteristicoftheChineseeconomyhaschangedfundamentally.Youknow,upuntil10yearsago,whatreallypropelstheChinesegrowthis,hasbeen,wasinternationaltradetoacertainextent.AndIwouldsaybackin2010,thenettrade,meaningtheexport/importnettedoutwasroughlyabout9%ofGDP.Andso,China'seconomywasheavilydependentontheglobalmarket.
我觉得这意味着中国经济发生了根本性的改变。十年以前,中国的经济增长的驱动力主要是国际贸易。2010年左右的时候,进出口贸易额占到中国GDP的9%,因此当时的中国经济十分依赖于国际市场。一度中国成为全世界最大的贸易国,每年都有着两位数的增长速率,远远高于世界其他经济体的的增长速度。
Nowwhathappenedisthat,andtheyweregrowingatreallydouble-digitgrowth.Atthetimeofwhentherestoftheglobaleconomywasgrowingatmuch,muchlessafractionofthat.Andso,atacertainpoint,onceyoubecomethelargesttradingnation,youcan'treallyhadtherestoftheworldwouldn'tbeabletokeepup.
接下来发生的,中国经济以真正两位数的速度在增长。而同期世界的其他经济体则增速缓慢。因此,某种意义上讲,一旦你成了最大的贸易国,就不能再要求世界其他地区和你脚步一样。
Andtheotherthingthatishappeningisafterthecitizensbecomemiddleclasses,theirdemandchangesfrombasicallyjustwork,saving,intoreallyworkandsavingandconsume.Anditjustalsohumannature.So,roughlyaround10yearsago,asyoupointout,theChineseeconomyhasslowlyevolvedintomoreofaconsumer-driveneconomy.
另一方面,另外,中国的发展让很多人成为了中产阶级,因此他们的需求也发生了变化,他们生活中的重点从工作和存钱,转变为了工作,存钱,还有消费,这就是人性的体现。生活好了以后,消费需求会随着生活条件变好逐渐提升。因此,正如你所指出的,过去十年中,中国的经济从贸易导向慢慢变成了消费拉动的市场。
Tothepointthatinterestingly,lastyearwasawatershedyearinasensethattheretailsales,thetotalvolumeofretailsalesforthefirsttimeovertakenUnitedStates.Chinawasthelargestretailmarketinthewholeworldata6trillionUSdollars.TheU.S.isroughly5.5trillionnow.GrantedthatwasaspecialyearinthesensethataglobalpandemicaheadothercountriesharderthanChina,that'salsosaidthatChinahasdoneabetterjobinmanagingthepandemic.
有趣的是,去年是一个分水岭。中国的商品零售总额首次超过了美国,以6万亿美元的消费额跃居世界第一消费市场。同期,美国大概是5.5万亿美元。当然,去年是个特殊时期,疫情对其他国家的影响比中国大,这也说明中国在疫情控制方面做得更好。
Butbasicallythetrendisthere.Chinaisemergingtobecomethemostdynamic,fastestgrowingconsumermarketinthewholeworld.Andthatislikelytocontinueformany,manymoredecadestocome.So,thatreallymakeChinaevenmoreattractivetotheglobaleconomyintermsofpeoplewhowanttosellitbacktotheconsumersforthemiddleclassinChina.Andthecharacteristicoftheeconomywouldchangeandwouldalsoreallyprovidesuniqueandinterestingopportunitiesforglobalinvestors.
但基本的趋势已经非常明显了。中国市场正快速成长为全球最具活力、增长最快的消费市场。这个趋势在未来几十年仍将持续,因此中国的市场和中产阶级消费群体对全球来说是非常有吸引力的,而这也将改变中国经济的性质,为全球投资者提供了重要且独特的机会。
Letmejusttalkalittlebitaboutthat.Imean,thethingaboutretailsalesisthatit'ssellinggoods.Thethingaboutthedevelopedeconomiesisthatthey'reoverwhelminglyserviceeconomies,they'renotgoodseconomies.Andonthatdimension,itdoesn'tlooklikeChina'sdoingparticularlywell.AndasIsay,theexportdata,youcouldunderstandthatthatwouldslowdown.ButthefactthattheimportdatahassloweddownjustasmuchormoretellsyousomethingaboutthenatureofdomesticgrowthinChina.WhataboutthechallengesintheservicesectorinChina
我也想在这点说两句。比如说零售,零售无非就是卖东西。而发达国家都是服务型的经济为主体,而非商品型经济为主体。从这点看,所以中国在服务型经济上做的并不好。而从数据上看,虽然你能解释中国的出口为何放缓,但进口的数据其实也放缓了许多,这是否也反映了中国的国内增长状况,在服务领域,中国面临的挑战如何?
Well,you'recertainlyrightthatatthecurrentstage,theservicesectorhasyettobecomeaspowerfulanddominantasmostlymatured,developedeconomiesintheWest.Andthat'sreallyabiasedviewsetofopportunitiesforthedecadesaheadofthem.Andthat's,bytheway,notthatmuchdifferentthanalltheotherdevelopedeconomy.Atacomparablestation,thedevelopmentofstateatthe$10,000,$11,000capitalGDP,whichiswhereChinaistoday.
你对中国经济当前阶段的判断确实是对的。现在中国的服务产业尚未同西方发达国家一样形成经济主导,而这其中也蕴藏着未来几十年的一系列机会。顺便说一下,在这一点上看,中国和其他所有的发达国家的路径是相似的。中国正处在当年美国人均GDP10,000-11,000美元的发展阶段。
Butevenlookattheunderlyingdynamicsofvariousdifferentbusinesses,differentperformance,bothconsumptions,retailersandtheservicearebasicallytheonesthataregrowingthefastest.Andoverall,tradeinternationallyisstillgrowingatarobustrate,butnotnearlyasmuchasthedomesticsideoftheeconomy.Andso,that'swhythattheirshareoftheGDPhasgraduallybegantoshrink.So,domesticconsumptionbecomesafarmoreimportant,bothgoodsandtheservicesasyoupointout.So,thatjusttellsyouthatadifferentstageoftheeconomywhereitistoday.
但是即便是不同商业的潜在动力,消费、零售和服务都是增长最快的。总体来看,中国的国际贸易仍然在稳健发展,但是没有国内经济增长率高。因此,这就是为什么进出口贸易在中国的GDP比重逐渐收缩,而消费和服务成为更加重要的部分,这是中国现在的独特发展阶段所导致的。
SowheredoyouseetheuniquechallengesandopportunitiesinsteadoffindingvalueinvestmentopportunitiesinChina
那么,你觉得在中国做价值投资的独特机遇和挑战都是什么?
Well,Chinaremains,Ithink,oneofthebestmarket,ifyouwereavalueinvestor,inmanysense.Inasensethemarketisstillsomewhatunderdeveloped.Themarkettodayisnotasrepresentativeastherealeconomytheway,forexample,UnitedStateslooks.Andsothere'salotofunderdevelopmentinthatregard.Andthetradingandtheinvestorsarestillnotasmature.Andthereisstillamentalityofafastertradinghighturnovers,whichactuallyrendersomeofthecompanies,again,goingthroughafasterpaceofthisboomandburst.
如果你是一个价值投资者,中国仍然是全球最好的市场之一。尽管它仍然是一个发展中的市场,不能代表实体经济。现在还不是特别的成熟。今天这个市场的路径其实跟美国是不太一样的,市场的交易和投资者其实都仍然不够成熟,很多人的心态还是在于高频交易和高周转率,这使得其中的一些公司会以更高的速度经历泡沫的诞生与破灭。而同时,这也给真正成熟有耐心,真正懂得市场的投资者很多机会。
Again,thatusuallyprovidesopportunitiesforthosematurepatientinvestorswhotrulyknowwhatthey'redoing.Andalso,asyousaid,intheservicesectoroftheeconomy,whenitcomestofinancialservices,isstillyettobedeveloped.AndChinawasreallyrightatthisstageinthefinancialservicesindustryactually,isabouttotakeoffinabigwayformanyreasons.Anditjustsohappens,alsotheChinesegovernmentisquitekeeninmakingmacroeconomicpoliciesquiteconduciveforthedevelopmentofthefinancialserviceindustry.Andtheybegantoopenuptotheglobalfirmsaswell,inawaythey'veneverdonethatbefore.Soallthoseconfluenceoffactorsreallymakethemarketthatmuchmoreattractivetodaythanitwasbefore.
服务领域中,金融服务在这个阶段就有着很大的发展空间。这其中有很多的驱动力。中国政府一直很敏锐的制定一系列利好的经济政策来促进金融服务市场的发展。中国金融市场现在也前所未有地开始对海外机构更加开放,这些因素都让这个市场比以往更具吸引力。
Yeah.CanIsaysomethingaboutthatFinancialservicesisprobablythefifthandsixthlargestservicesector.Thebiggestishousingbyfar.Thesecondbiggestismedicalcare.Thethirdbiggestiseducation.Andthefourthandfifthbiggestarelikewholesaleandretaildistributionandpersonalservicesandthenfinancialservices,althoughintheU.S.It'salittlehigherthanthat.WhataboutthosesectorsinChina
是的。我可以继续聊聊这个问题吗?在我看来,金融服务可能是全球第五或第六大服务产业,最大的仍是住房,第二大是医疗,第三大是教育,第四和第五应该是批发零售和个人服务,之后就是金融服务,不过在美国它的排名可能会更靠前。这些领域在中国的机会如何呢?
Thatsectorisalsogrowing.
这些行业也在增长。
Right.Doyouseeoppotunitiesin...
那你看到哪些机会了吗?
Absolutelywedo.Weseeopportunitybasically.Virtuallyeveryindustryaregoingthrougharobustgrowingstage,somemorethantheothers.Andeveniftheindustry,they'renotgrowingasfast,youcanstillfindinterestingcompanies,values,andIdon'thaveto.YouaretheGoogleforthisfield.So,differentpeopletendtofocustodifferentaspectoftheindustriesanddifferentaspectsofthegrowthprofile.Somelookingvalueandhighgrowthcompanies,somelookingvaluesatmoderategrowthcompanies.Somelookvalueinplacesthatdoesn'tgrowatall.Infact,theyprobablydecliningandthereforetheyfindevenbiggermarkets.
So,ifyouareatrue,goodinvestorinthatsense,youcanfindvalueeverywhere.Butyouwillprobablymorecapableoffindingvaluesindynamicallygrowingeconomies,suchasChina.They'restillgrowingatmultipletimesofthematureeconomyintheWest.Andthere'sstillenormousmarketinefficiencyinthissecuritymarket.Sothatcombinationofthosetworeallymakeitenticing.Ontopofthatone,wholeseriesofgovernmentreport,Imeangoodgovernmentreform,willmakethoseinefficienciesgraduallybemoreefficient.Andsothattransitionoffersevenmoreinterestingopportunities.Sothisisagoodtimeforglobalinvestors,andcertainlyforU.S.investorsaswell.
所以,如果你是一个好的投资人,你可以在任何地方找到价值,特别是在中国这样的充满活力且快速增长的经济体中。中国的证券市场仍然有着大量的低效率的市场空间,这让投资中国市场更加让人激动。除此之外,还有大量的政府改革措施会让这些低效空间逐渐变得高效,这将带来更多的市场机会。因此对全球,特别是美国的投资者来说,这是一个很好的时机去投资中国。
Okay.InthosetermsthatasChinesefinancialmarketsaredeveloping,doyouhavecertainreformsorotherthingsyou'dbeinterestedinseeingimplementedYousortofhaveatopdevelopmentthatyou'dliketoseehappenintheChinafinancialmarketsorevenintheChinaeconomy
好的。中国的金融市场确实是在不断发展。针对中国金融市场或者整体经济的改革措施和市场的变化中,哪些是你期望出台执行的或者想看到的?
Well,inasense,itwasalreadyhappening.ThisiswhatImeanthattheChinesegovernmentregulatorhasbeenverykeentodevelopthesecuritymarket.ForyearsandyearstheChinesesecuritymarketisnotveryrepresentativeoftheChineseeconomy,partiallybecauseitreally,well,theIPOrulesarebasedonwhattheycallapprovalmodel.Youhavetogothroughlensesofapprovallayersofapprovalprocessinordertobelisted.Andsotheoneswhoarelistedaretheoneswhomaybeapprovedbygovernmentforwhateverreason,sometimesoftennotreallymarketdriven.
Comparedwithothermarkets,suchastheUnitedStates,thatitisbasedonregistration-based.Soasamarket-driven,asaresultofthefinancialmarket,asecuritymarket,herearequiterepresentativeofthetrueeconomy.AstheChineseeconomymovingfromanexportimportdriveneconomyintomoreofconsumerdemandeconomy,entrepreneurialcompanieswiththemarketdrivendynamicsareincreasinglyplayingalargerrole.
对比其他的市场,比如美国市场的注册制,更多是市场驱动。因此作为金融市场的核心,美国的证券市场是足以代表美国经济的。随着中国经济从进出口贸易驱动,转变为消费驱动,市场驱动为核心的民营企业逐渐发挥着越来越大的作用。
Andtherefore,thisfinancialmarkethavetoreflectthechangingdynamicsandtheChinesegovernmentisdeterminedtoreformitsIPOprocessfromoneofapprovalprocessmodelintoonethatismuchlikeUnitedStatesofregistration-basedmodel.Andsoweareprobablystillearlyinthatprocess.Butasthatprocessbegantoplayout,we'llseethefinacialmarketbecomemorereflectiveoftherealeconomy.
因此,金融市场需要反映这样的市场变化,也因此中国政府非常有决心调整IPO的上市规则,从以前审批制,转变为更像美国注册制IPO的程序。现在还是属于比较早的一个阶段,随着规则调整的深入,我们将可以看到这个市场更好的反应真实的经济情况。
Andtheotherbigchangesthatishappeningisthatmostofthefinancingaredonethroughthebankingsectorsuptothepoint,80pluspercent.Andovertime,inthefinancingisbesttoreallydothroughwhattheycalldirectfinancing,mostlythroughmarketdrivendynamicsoffixedincome,equities,etc.Weseetheoverallfinancingmodel,theChineseeconomyfromonethatismoreindirectintomoredirect,andsothisisthereasonforopeningupthisfinancialserviceindustry,bothfordomesticplayersandglobalplayers.Aswe'reseeingthatdynamicplaysoutoverthenextdecadeorso,therewillbealotmoreopportunities.Andthefinancialmarketwillbecomemorematureandtherewillbemoreinstitutionalplayerscomingintoit.Thefinancialmarketsizewillbecomemuch,muchbiggerthanwhatitistoday.Thosearereallyallbodewellforinvestorswhotrulyunderstandwhatthey'redoingbasicallyinChina.
Now,letmeaskanotherquestioninthatconnection.Imean,thethingaboutaserviceeconomyisthatservicesareoverwhelminglylocallyproducedandconsumed.Thereareveryfewglobaluniversities,forexample,thereareveryfewglobalhighschools,veryfewglobalhospitals.ThatmeansthattypicallyifyoulookatdevelopedeconomiesliketheUnitedStateswithbigservicesectors,thefirmswhichtendtobelocal,theservicefirmsthattendtobelocal,tendtobelocallyfinanced.SoIassumeyouknowthatlocalbanksintheUnitedStatesaremuchmoreprofitablethanthebigglobalbanks.DoyouseeacomparabletrenddevelopinginChinathatyoucantakeadvantageof
Someyesandsomeno.Iwouldn'tsaythatthelocalbanksintheUSis...
某些方面,可以这么说,但也不能这么定义。
No,I'mjustthinkingintermsoflocalexpertswithinChinaandlocalservicebusinesses,thatwouldincludeofcourse,localbanks.
我的意思是针对那些中国本土的服务领域的公司,当然包括银行。
Yeah,well,theytendtoreallyknowthelocalarea.ButtheChineseregulationbankingisslightlydifferent.Sothereareonlyroughlyabout15banksthatreallyhavethemandateofbeingabletotakedepositonanationalbasis.Andalltheother,restofthefinancialinstitutionsareabletoreallytakedepositsinavery,verysmall,well-definedlocalregion,whetheratown,orvillages,cities,etc.Itisaheavily,heavilyregulatedbusinesses,andsothatreallygivesthemalmostanoligopolytypeofastatusintermoftakingdeposit,whichisveryimportant,ofcourse,intermsofthesourceofcapital.SothatdynamicisaslightlydifferentthantheUnitedStates,forexample.
但是中国的银行监管是有些许不太一样的。中国的银行体系是一个高度监管的市场,可能只有大概15个左右的银行有全国范围吸收储蓄的资质,而市场的一些其他金融机构都只能在非常小的地区,非常明确的领域内吸收储蓄。因为这样的限制下,那些有资质的银行的地位是非常特殊的,他们在吸收资金的方面上有很大的优势。这块跟美国的情况是有所差别的。
Thatthelicenseabilitytoreallybeabletoopenthebankismuch,muchmorerelaxedintheUnitedStatesthaninChina.Asaresult,basicallythedynamicsofthelargernationalversuslocalorregionalbanksandotherfinancialinstitutions,aremoredrivenbybasicallythebusinessdynamicsandmarketdynamics.ThisisverydifferentthaninChina,itisdrivenfirstandforemostandbyregulationregime.SothatmakesthecomparisonofthebanksreallyquitedifferentinChinathantheUnitedStates.
在美国你想开一个银行拿到牌照比中国要容易得多,这样的话选择更大的全国性质的银行还是区域性的银行和金融机构,更多的是取决于商业本身,而非市场的动态与环境影响。但是在中国,银行的竞争不仅在于市场状况,监管的影响是最重要的。
SowouldsomobodyinvestinginbanksinChinahastobeanexpertinChineseregulation
那么想在中国投资银行业,投资者是否要成为中国监管系统的专才?
Absolutely.
必须的。
Specialist.
成为专才。
Ifyoudon'tdecidetoteamusanything,Irecommendyou'dbestbecomethemostknowledgeablespecialistontheplanetbeforeyou'rereallyinterestedreallyinvestinallthemthroughtheupsanddownsandthickenthings.Andifyoudounderstandthem,theyaregood.Itisfarmoreprofitabletoownthemoverthelongperiodoftime.
ButintermsofthetransitionfromtheUStoChina,soIthinkalotofpeoplesuchasmyselfincludedwentthroughaperiodoftimetoreallytrytounderstandthenatureoftheChineseeconomyandthenatureoftheChinesemarket,thenatureoftheChinesecompany,investmentinChinesecompanies,oneofthosekeylearningsthatIhave.
谈到投资重心从美国转移到中国,很多人,也包括我自己,都经历了一段时期,去努力了解中国经济,中国市场,中国企业和投资中国企业的本质。
Anditisnotthatobvious,istherolethattheChinesegovernmentplayedinthatwholequestionequation.IfyouhavebeenasuccessfulinvestorintheUnitedStatesforexample,orinthedevelopedmarket,youtendtocomewithasetofassumptionsabouttheroleofthegovernment,andtheroleofthemarketparticipants.
其实我学习到的有一点很关键,而这一点不是显而易见的,那就是中国政府在经济当中所扮演的角色。如果你是一个在美国或者其他发达国家的成功投资人,你会对于政府的角色和其他市场参与者的角色有一个预先的设想。
AndwhenyoureallylookedintotheChinesemarket,thatassumptions,youwillseealotofchallenges,andsoyoumightreallyfromtimetotimearriveatviewsthatareinconsistentwithyourownexperiences,partiallybecausehistoricallytheChinesegovernmentandtheUSgovernment,theWesterngovernment,performedverydifferentrules.Andthat'soneofthekeyaspectofreallyinvestinginchina.Itreallyrequiresmuchdeeperunderstandingandalsoasystematiccomparisontogetridofthosebiases.
而当我们真正深入中国市场观察研究,这些设想就会遇到一系列挑战,你会不断的获得与你以前经验认知所不一样的观点和判断。究其原因,起码部分是因为中国和美国或者其他西方国家政府所运行的规则的不同。这是投资中国的核心要素之一,这真的需要深层次的认知,以及系统化的对比来消除偏见。
Andthat'swhythatyoucanreallygetridofthistypicalglobalinvestorgoingtoChinaeitherinvolvedofthebinding.YoufearyourenthusiasmorbasicallypessimistickindofcomingcollapseofaChinatypeofamentalitywhenthingsarenotgoingtoowell.AndsothatistheeducationthatmostofinternationalinvestorsparticularlywhenitcomestoChinawouldhavetoreallygothroughandthatisimportant.
很多国际投资者来到中国,他们要么是特别的乐观,要么是特别的悲观,特别是当他们来到中国投资并不是特别成功的时候,他们会陷入悲观。因此,对于大多数想投资中国的国际投资者来说,都会经历了解和学习中国的这个过程。
ButbearinmindtheotheraspecttounderstandtheChineseeconomyisthatthenatureofthemoderneconomyisitsabilitytogeneratesustainedcompoundedeconomicgrowth.
但是要记住中国经济的另一方面是,现代经济的本质是能够产生持续的复合经济增长的能力。
Somethingthatisonlyrecentlyemergedasthehumanphenomenaandthisiswherewetalkaboutthezero-sumversuswestmillennialtypeofmentality.
这种(经济持续复合增长的)现象直到最近才作为人类现象出现。这是为什么我们刚才讲到了零和市场以及双赢两种不同的形态。
Nowforthelongestperiodoftimethatalmostallnatural,allhumanaffairsarecharacterizedbycycles.Inasensethateverythinggoesupcycles,youknow,weborn,andthenwegrow,andthenwedie.Soastreesgoesup,andtheydie.It'ssoentropybasicallyalwaysincrease,energygoesfrom,youknow,hottocold,thingsfromordertodisorder,greatbusinesseseventuallylossesedge.Sothatisthenatureofthings.Andeconomygoingthroughboomandbust.ButsomethinguniquehappenedoverseveralhundredyearsagowasthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolution.Webegantoseethisphenomenonofcontinuedsustainedcompoundedeconomicgrowth.Andthatisreallywhenthatvalueinvestingbecomeveryimportant.
几乎所有具有周期性的自然和人类发展,都是熵增的过程。从人的出生,成长,到死亡;包括贸易的增多、下降这些,都是非常自然的轮回和循环,就是熵值增加。能量从热变冷,有序变无序,伟大的企业最终都将失去优势,这些都是非常自然的。经济也有向好的或者衰退的时候。但是从几百年前的工业革命开始我们看到了不一样的发展,这种可持续的复合经济增长发展,这个就是价值投资可以展现光彩的时候。
Andthat'swhyyou'llbegintohaveaphenomenalrecord,suchastheoneproducedbyWarrenBuffett,andnowbyafewotherpeopleaswell.Thebasiclogicbehindthat,asIsaid,overthelongterm,yourinvestmentreturnislikelytoapproximatetheactualbusinessreturnofthecompanyinvested.Andsothefactthatyou'recapableofgeneratingthatlong-termresultisareflectionofachangingnatureeconomy.Whatreallydrivesthatphenomenonissomethingthatisutterlyfascinating.Iliterallyspent30-40yearsthinkingaboutthatmatter.
这就是为什么你能看到巴菲特包括现在一些其他投资人能有这么惊人的成绩。背后的逻辑就像我刚才所说的,长期而言,你的投资回报其实就是近似于你投资公司的实际业务回报,也就是你所能创造的长期投资回报,其实就是整体经济发展变化的反映。探究这些发展背后的驱动力,是一件极为吸引人的事情。我花了30-40年思考,才能让我觉得我有了一定程度的认知。
UntilIthinkIcometoacertainknowledge,Iwouldn'tsayIreallyknowitatall.ButIthinkwhatreallyproducedthatphenomenaisacombinationoffreemarket,enterprisewayoforganizingsocialeconomicaffairsandcombinethatonewiththeinventionofmodernscienceandtechnology.Thecombinationofthosetwoproducedamodernformofeconomy.Itisaparadigmshift.SowhathashappenedinChinaisthatroughlyaround40yearsagoChinahasreallystumbledfinallyintothatmagicformulaoffreemarketeconomy,nowwithChinesecharacteristic,ofcourse,alongwithmodernscienceandtechnology.
因此我不能说我完全懂,但是我认为能创造惊人长期投资回报现象的,是一个公式,即用自由市场竞争的方式来组织社会的经济活动,加上现代科学技术创新发展而成的组合。这两者的组合构建了现代经济,这是一种范式转移(范式转移是指一个领域里出现新的学术成果,打破了原有的假设或者法则,从而迫使人们对本学科的很多基本理论做出根本性的修正)。大约在40年前,中国终于真正进入了有中国特色的自由市场经济模式,这个过程伴随着现代科学技术的发展。任何经济一旦创造出了我刚刚提及的组合公式,就能创造出经济复合增长发展的现象。
Andanyeconomythathasreallystrikeacoreandstrikethatmagicformulabegantoproducethephenomenaofcompoundeconomicreform.Nowthathastocombinewiththestabilityofoverallpoliticalenvironmenttoallowthemarkettoenforcethataneweconomytoreallyreleasethatpower,andthatiswhensustainedeconomic,Imeansustainedinvestmentrecord,canbepossibleinchina.It'snotalwaysthere.It'snotalwayspossible.Andoftenitwasazerosum.ButIthinkfromthatperiodonthatasustainedwin-wintypeofacompoundedinvestmentreturnbecomespossible.
现在,这个公式还需要加上整体政治环境的稳定,去支持给新经济释放活力的市场力量。这就是为什么在中国能有一系列现象级的可持续的成功投资回报记录。任何经济体如果真正采用这一神奇公式,都会开始产生出具有持续复合增长现象的经济形态。但是我认为从40年前开始,一个可持续的、双赢的复合投资回报变成了可能。
AndnoticethatIdidn'treallyincludethepoliticalcomponentofit,andmostofthewesternobserversbelievethatpoliticaldemocracyhastobepartoftheequation,exceptforthepropagandathatpoliticaldemocracywasn'ttherewhenthatphenomenonbegantotakeplaceinthewest.Infactthepoliticaldemocracyhappenedlateralmostasaresultnotbecauseofit.AnywaysothatisanotherlayerofunderstandingthephenomenaoftheinvestmentopportunitiesinChina.Itcouldbeinteresting.
注意,这其中我并没有包括它的政治部分。多数西方观察家认为,民主政治必须成为这个公式的一部分,只是他们忘记了当这种现象在西方开始发生时,民主政治其实还不存在。因此事实上,民主政治只是这个现象的一个结果,而非它的原因。无论如何,这是理解中国投资奇迹的另一层面。这其实非常有意思。
4、新兴科技是否会吸引你这样的价值投资者?
Okay,sowhydon'twetalkmorebroadlyaboutnewtrendsinvalueinvestingSoamongthemanypopularanduprisingtechnologicalfields,suchas5G,Bitcoin,AI,hasanyofthatattractedyourinterestasavalueinvestorandwhy
Well,asIsaid,ifyou'reaninvestor,youreallywantfindoutwhatreallyinfluencedthechangeofyourcompanies.Ifthere'saonebigforcesthatarereallyquiteaprominent,is/it'sthefastaccelerationoftechnologicalchanges.Andofcourse,youneedtobewellawareofthosemegatechnologicaltrend.
像我之前说的,如果你是一个投资者,你一定要想办法找出影响你标的公司发展和变化的事物。如果说要选一个大的主要趋势,我觉得莫过于科学技术快速变化和迭代。当然你肯定要去很好地了解大的科技趋势。
Thiscurrentruninwave,andthisstarted–calledyouknow,40,50years"theinventionofthesemiconductor",particularlyintegratedcircuit.Thatreallyultimatelyledtopersonalcomputerandacomputationproliferation,thecomputationpowertoordinarycitizens.Andfromthere,there'salsotheevolutionofcommunicationtechnologiesandthentheinventionoftheinternetsomewhat25,30yearsago.Thenfromtherethemobileinternet.
现在的这一波科技发展,其实是起始于40、50年前半导体或者是集成电路的发明。这些科技成果使个人电脑得以诞生,并让电脑算力可惠及每一个普通人。再往后,25-30年前,有了通信技术的发展,以及互联网的诞生,之后又出现了移动互联网。
So,theintersectionsofacompute,aswellasintheomnipresentandinstantaneousbasicallycommunicationreallyledtothisnewphenomenaofartificialintelligenceandthedataeconomyasaresultofit.Andso,thisisawaveoftechnologicalchangeoverthelast40yearshasfundamentallyalteredthebusinesslandscapeofallkindsbasically.
因此而带来世界的互联互通,以及沟通的及时性与随时性,从而让人工智能和数字经济的热潮产生。而过去40年的这一波科技发展,对各个经济领域都带来了深刻的影响与改变。
Andso,whateverkindofinvestoryouare,youdoneedtobeawareofthathugechanges,andhowdoyoudealwiththatinasense.Bothyou'reinvestinginbusinessesthatareeitherwellinsulatedfromthosetechnologicalchangeorincompanieswhosemanagementteamarequitecapableofadaptivetohavethosetechnologicalchangebetterthantheircompetitorsorincompaniesthatareleadingthosechangesorenablingthosechanges.So,thatthosechangesarereallyonyoursidebasically.
因此,不论你是什么样的投资人,你需要意识到这些大的改变趋势,以及知道如何去应对。当然,我们也投了一些这样的公司,它们要么完全不受这些科技变革影响,要么公司的管理层比竞争对手能更为出色地应对科技变革,又或者你投资的公司本身就是在引领变革的。这样,科技的变化对我们就是有利的。
Andso,nowdoyouhavetobeatrueexperttothepointofanengineerIdon'tthinkyoudo.Butyoudoneedtobebroadlyawareallthosebigtechnologychanges.Now,ifyouhappentobeaventurecapitalistinthosefieldthenofcourseyoudo.Butifyouareageneralistandstudyallofthebusinesses,youneedtobeawareofthosetrends.Andhowdoesitreallyimpactintheindustryandthecompaniesthatyou'reinvestigating.So,wearestillreallyinthemiddleofthatgiganticwavethatstartedwiththeinvasionofsemiconductor.
Bytheway,youknowwhenthetransistorisinvented
顺便问一下,你知道晶体管是什么时候发明的吗?
Well,that'salongerIknowthat.
嗯,应该是很久以前了。
Thatwas1942.
是1942年。
Iknowthat.Iknow.Yes,yes.
没错。
AndthefirstIC(integratedcircuit)is1961.
最早的集成电路是1961年发明的。
Yes.Yes.I'mreferringtothetime.
Right.
对。
Theygetintegratedintoindustry.Youknow,sothatreallystartedthiswholerevolution,thatwe'reactuallystillinthemiddleofit.Andthecurrentwaveofneuron-networkbasedartificialintelligenceisjustkindoftherecentiterationandthedataeconomythatasaresultofitisanewestadaptationbyindustriesinresponsetothatnewtechnology.We'regoingtoseemoreofitastimereallybegantoevolvefromhere.
DoyouseeopportunitiestoinvestinnewtechnologiesDoyouhaveanexample,maybeinyourpastwhereyoudidinvestsuccessfullyonnewtechnology
讲到新技术,你看到了什么投资机会吗?在你过去的职业生涯当中,有没有投资新科技的成功案例?
Wehave,inthesense,backinthedaysIwastryingtoreallylearnaboutbusinesses.Iinvestedinanumberofstartups.Andso,Iamfascinatedaboutthetechnologies.Andtodaywehavesomewhatsmallerexposuretothat,butitisfacinating.It'snotreallyyou'renotinterestedintechnology.It'sjustit'snotthateasytopredicttheirimpactbecauseofthepaceofachange.Itdoesrequiredifferentaptitude,differentdomainexpertise,etc.Andotherthingsiswejusthaveothersetofeasieropportunities.Wejusthappenedtobelucky.
从某种程度上讲有的。还是回到我们对于商业研究上面。我曾经投资了一些初创公司,当时我沉迷于技术的发展,而今天,我们在这方面的投资相对较少。但技术的发展是让我非常激动的。我们的这个侧重,不在于我们是不是对技术投资感兴趣,而是在于技术的变化节奏,以及带来的相应产业影响是真的很难预测的。这需要不同的维度,不同的专业知识等等一众其他事物来支撑投资决策。因此,我们选择了其他一些对我们更容易的机会,而且我们也很幸运的抓住了那些机会。
Well,allright.So,let'stalkaboutaspecificexample.Alotofsmartpeoplebelievethatrenewableenergyisthenextbigrevolutionandyou'vedonealotofworkonbatterytechnologyandBYD.So,isthatsomethingthatyouthinkaboutbeyondbatteriesWhat'syouroutlookfortheelectricalvehicleindustrysayinginthenextfiveyearsorisitoverheatednowWhereisTeslagoing
好的,那接下来我们聊一个具体案例吧。很多聪明人都认为新能源是下一波的产业革命。你过去在电池技术领域也做了大量的研究,并投资了比亚迪。电池行业的变化基础上,你看到了什么样的大趋势?未来五年,你认为电动汽车行业走向如何?现在是否过热?你怎么看特斯拉?
Hahaha,sothecarindustryismutinouslykindofbeingimpactby,youknow,fourorfivebigmegatrend.Theelectrification,therightsharing,theautonomousdriving,andtheintelligentdesign,allofthosearereallygoingintotheindustrysimultaneously.Andso,thatreallyhadattractedmoreentrantsandthatreallyheatedthecompetition.Also,againstthatbroadbackgroundofclimatechange,current,carbonneutralrevolutioninthesense.
汽车行业是同时会受4到5个大技术趋势发展影响的产业,比如电气化,共享出行,自动驾驶,智能设计等等。因此这样的大产业趋势自然会吸引很多人进入这个产业,竞争也变得更加白热化,还有整体环境气候变暖和碳中和的一些大背景也刺激了这个产业的发展。
So,asaresult,theindustrythatreallyhaven'tlastedfora100years,it'sreallybeingturnedupsidedown.Ontheotherside,itisthegiganticindustry.So,otherthanhousing,thisprobablyoneofthebiggestindustry.Andso,thepriceisalsobigintheend.Intheprocessthough,thecompetitionisgoingtobecomevery,veryintense.Still,youknow,itdoesstillhavethatcharacteristicofbeingascaleeconomy,aswetalkedaboutitatthebeginningofourdialogue.Sothesurvivorsorthewinnersdoneedtohaveacertainscaleinordertoreallytowinintheend.
正是这些让这个已经有100多年历史的汽车工业,在过去这些年中发生了天翻地覆的变化。汽车可以说是除了地产外,市场最大的行业之一。因此,赢家的最后回报是最够高的。这个领域的竞争极其激烈,特别是汽车行业还一直保有我们最开始所提到的规模经济这个特点,因此,胜者为王,赢家需要有一定的市场规模为基础才能够赢得市场。
Andsoitisstillearlytopredictwhowillbetheultimatewinner.Butitisnotearlyatalltopredictthosemegatrendsareheretostay.So,fiveyears,there'llbefarmoreelectriccarssold.WehaveseentheEuropeancountriesbegantodeclareadeadlinetostopbasicallygasoline-poweredcars.Chinaisfollowingthatup,Ithinkinduecourse.
现在预言谁能笑到最后还为时过早,但是这些大趋势会持续存在,却是毫无疑问的。五年之后,行驶在路上的电动汽车要比现在多得多。目前欧洲各国已经开始宣布停止燃料汽车销售的最后期限,中国也在跟进。
Andweweregoingtoseethosemegatrendsheretostay.Andfiveyearsfromnow,thattrendwillbecomeevenmoreprominentthanwhatitistoday.Butitisverydifficulttopredicttheultimatewinner,anditcontinuestoattractnewentrantsatthispoint.ButIdothinkthattheonesthatarereallypreciseuniquetechnologyhavethescale,andhavetherightstrategicfocus,ultimatelywilldowell.
Doyouhaveasenseofwhichcompaniesthoseare
你感觉会有哪些公司胜出?
Well,Ibashedone.So,Ilikemymoneyspeakforitself.Butwe'renotgoingtobetheonlyone.Thatwouldbeafew.Itisagiganticindustry.
我有下注,我倾向于让我的投资宣布我的选择。当然,市场上会有一系列赢家,因为汽车行业是一个足够大的市场。
Okay,sowhatabout,let'sjusttalkbrieflyintheselasteightorsominutesaboutyourpersonalinterest.You'vedevotedeffortstoimprovingequalityandwelfareofAsian-Americansand,giventherecentelevatedattentiononthiscommunity,whatareyoudoingandplanningtodoorthinkoughttobedoneforthatcommunity
Well,Iwasreally,likemanypeoplearoundtheAsian-AmericancommunityinAmerica,justutterlydismayed,heartbrokenoverthelastyearandahalf,particularlysincethelateryearsoftheTrumpadministration,itgotworsenedbecauseofthepandemic,thisnewwaveofanti-Asianandhatecrimes.AndbyallstatisticthatinstanceofaracialdiscriminationagainstAsian-Americanisdramaticallyincreasedoverthelastyearandahalf.Andforavarietyofadifferentreasons,thepandemic,theTrumppolicies,theU.S./Chinatension,andthesystematichistoricalroot.
我们很多在美国的亚裔群体在过去一年半中,尤其是在自特朗普政府后期,以来是非常沮丧和痛心的。在疫情的影响下,这个群体的境遇更为恶化,加剧了新一波的反亚裔潮流和仇恨犯罪。根据统计数据,在过去的一年半中因为各种原因,比如疫情,特朗普政策,中美关系以及历史性系统因素等等,对亚裔美国人的种族歧视急剧增加。
SufficetosaythatmanypeopleintheAsian-Americancommunityarelivinginfears,literallyphysicalfearstodayafterbeinghereforsomanyyearsofbeingsuchanimportantpartofAmericanexperiment.Andyouknow,particularlytotheChineseAmericancommunity,after150years,itfeelsliketheChineseExclusionActiscomingbackagain.AndsoIhavebeenthinkinglongandhard,whatcanwedotochangetheparadigmNow,IhadadifferentexperiencewhenIcametoAmerica.
可以说很多的在美亚裔真的是生活在恐惧中,即便在美国生活了如此之久,并成为了这个国家发展的重要组成部分也如此。特别是对华裔美国人而言,感觉150年后,《排华法案》又卷土重来了。我一直在认真思考这个问题,怎么样才能作出一些改变?这和我刚来到美国时是完全不同的体验。
Ihadwonderful,wonderfulexperiences.Americaembracedmewithopen,warmheart,andIhavegottenanenormousamountofopportunities,byColumbiaUniversity,byallthegreatpeoplethatImetalongtheway,bytheopportunityIwasgiventobesuccessfulwaybeyondmywildestdreamswhenIfirstcamehereasanimmigrant.NotapennyandnobodytospeakthelanguagetobewhereIamtoday.
我最初来美国的时候,有着非常好的体验与经历。当时的美国对我非常的开放和热情,我没有钱,英语也不怎么好,但仍然获得了一系列很好的机会,比如在哥伦比亚大学读书,遇到了这么多成功优秀的人,而且给予我一个海外移民一系列难以想象的发展机会,才成为了今天的我。
AndsoonethingthatIalwaysbelievedaboutAmericaisthis.IthinkAmericaisnotdefinedbygeography.Itisnotdefinedbyrace.Itisnotdefinedbyculture,notdefinedbyreligion.Americaisdefinedbyasetofideasandideals.Anyone,nomatteryourrace,religion,culture,background,ifyousignuptothatsetofideasandideals,canbeAmerica.IwasoneofthosewhobelieveinthoseideasandidealsthatbecameasuccessfulAmerican.AndIwantthatexperimenttoreallycontinue.
所以一直以来我认为,美国对自己的定义不是来自其地理边界、种族、宗教或文化,而是来自某些人类共通的理念、精神和理想。只要你认可这些理念、精神和理想,那你就是美国人。我坚信,这样的想法和理念,可以帮助你成为成功的美国人。我是那些相信这些想法和理想并在美国获得成功的人之一,我也很希望这个实验能持续下去。
Andobviously,whenyoulookathistory,itwasneveraperfectexperiment,anditwasoftenmarkedbythecleansingness,sometimesactuallyoutrightcruelandmaliciousifyouthinkaboutexperienceswiththeAfrican-Americansandalltheotherminorities,butIthinkAmericaremainstheonlycountryonearth,soinspiredandsuchconstructed.Andforthatexperimenttocontinue,itcallsconstantlytoourbetterangelsinsideeachoneofusandtoreallyrestricttheworstinstinctsofallofus.
当然,回顾历史,这并不是一个完美的实验,常常看起来很笨拙,如果你想想非裔或者所有其他少数族裔所经历的挣扎和苦难,有些时期甚至会看起来相当残忍或者恶劣。但是我仍认为,受人类共通之理念、精神和理想启发而建立起一个国家——美国仍是世界上独此一例。为了使这项伟大的实验得以存续,我们需要不断呼唤内心更良善美好的天使,也要对人性本能之恶时时警省。
Andthroughoutadifferentperiodoftime,peopleneedtoriseuptocounterthoseworstinstinctandfacethemdown.Andthisisoneofthoseperiodsagain.So,IthinktheentirecommunityofAsian-Americanshavetocometogether.TheentireAmericancommunityneedtoreallycometogethertoreallyfightthiswaveofanti-Asiandiscrimination.
在历史的不同时期,人们不时需要站起来对抗这些人性中最大的恶并直面它们。我们现在就处于这样的历史时期。我认为亚裔群体一定要团结起来,全体美国社会需要团结起来对这一波歧视亚裔的行为进行有力应对。
Soalongwithanumberofwonderfulcolleagues,we'recofoundinganewnationalorganizationwhosemissionistoserveAsian-Americansintheirpursuitofbelongingandprosperity,freefromdiscrimination,slanderorviolence.
所以我跟几个优秀的同事一起,共同创建了一个新的全国性组织,使命是帮助亚裔美国人找到归属感和富足的生活,不受歧视,诽谤或暴力侵害。
Andoneofthethingsthatourcommunityneedsisenormousamountoffunding.Thestatistictellsusthatonly0.2%ofallphilanthropyinAmericagoestoAsian-Americancauses,andwewanttofundamentallychangethat.Andhopefullywiththisneworganization,newgroupofpeople,wereallywanttofundamentallychangefromthatpicture.
Andtheotherthingisthatwiththeglobaleconomy,thecenteroftheglobaleconomy,shiftingfromtheAtlanticOceantothePacificOcean,theAsian-American,20millionstrong,aregoingtoplayanincreasinglyimportantroletopositionAmericaasthenewPacificeconomicpower.Andthatgroupofpeople,morethanotherones,iffullyintegratedastheveryfabricofAmericansociety,couldhelpleadAmericatobetterintegratedwiththerisingeconomictiesinAsia.
另外一点是,全球经济的重点逐渐从大西洋转到了太平洋,这也意味着亚裔这两千万人将会扮演越来越重要的角色,帮助美国能更好成为太平洋地区发展的主要力量。如果这个群体能彻底融入美国社会的组织结构,将可以帮助和引导美国更好地融入亚洲的经济增长大潮。
Okay,LiLuthat'sterrific.It'sagreatnotetoendon.Unfortunately,wehavetwominutesleft.Thankyouverymuchforthisreally.Thankyouverymuchforthisreallyencyclopedicandenlighteningtalk.IthinkIhavetoturnitbackover,however,totheM.C.Forthelasttwominutes,right
Ok.Thankyouforreallyhavingthatclass28yearsago,withoutthatclassIwouldn’tknowwhatI’mdoingtoday,sothankyou.
好的。28年前您的课程对我影响太大了,如果不是您的课,我现在都不知道我在做什么。谢谢你!
Brilliant.Vivi,canyouhearus
不客气。现在就交回给Vivi。
4
结束语
Vivi:
Thankyou,professorBruceGreenwardandMrLiLuforthisvaluableconversation.Thismarkstheendofthisyear's,Colombia,Chinabusinessconference.
感谢布鲁斯·格林沃德教授和李录先生精彩的对谈。这也为今年哥伦比亚中国商业论坛画下了圆满的句号。
Inthese4daysofdiscussion,wehavetakenajourneyacrossvariousdimensionsofChina'samazingdevelopmentandexcitingfuture.Intheageofchangesandopportunities,ourspeakershavegivenusafascinatingglimpseofwhat'stocome.
在这4天的讨论中,我们讨论了中国惊人的发展,并对令人兴奋的未来在不同层面做了一次旅行。在这个充满变化和机遇的时代,我们的演讲者让我们看到了迷人的未来景象。
Solastly,thankyou,audiencearoundtheworldforyoutimeandparticipation.LivefromColumbiabusinessschoolinNewYorkCity,goodmorningandgoodnightandseeyounextyear.
(以上为访谈全部内容)
需要说明的是,我自己并不擅长翻译,对价值投资理解也不深刻,能够完成这份工作,主要是价值投资思想尤其是李录先生的深刻思想,吸引了很多志同道合的朋友。是大家的大力支持与无私帮助,才共同创造了这个版本。
2、感谢喜马拉雅资本首席营运官常劲先生对翻译工作大力支持,为我答疑解惑,提供了重要的帮助。
我经由这次无意间超出能力圈的翻译组织工作,不仅结识了一批热心的翻译志愿者,而且在和哥伦比亚大学中国学生会主席Vivi合作的过程中,感受到了她的聪明与干练,让我学到很多;
这些经历对我而言,都是非常宝贵的财富。
在这个过程中,志愿者们对于每个单词的确定,用词精准,反复地调整和修改,让我看到李录先生倡导的“对知识的诚实”的态度,不仅仅是在投资上,还被很多人融入了生活和做事的原则中,我也从中收获了很多。
参与整理文字稿和翻译计划的伙伴们,包括「万物皆可盘」知识星球社群内和外部的良师益友:
英文总策划|褚自航,木辛资本、金融外文翻译计划创始人
听译人|王潇怡,非著名咸鱼
听译人|张优(Jenny),携隐教育部门负责人,笑丫剧团脱口秀艺人
听译人|赵紫桐,创业中,希望将具有设计感的高质量平价商品带向全球消费者
听译人|蒋文英,乳腺外科医生
听译人|杨冉,普惠金融大咖
英文校对|马珍,“快马轻裘不停蹄”公众号作者,白血病人,寻访医院中,即将进行造血干细胞移植
项目支持|刘琦,中城智库教育事业负责人
听译人|刘晓艳(Liuda),做到教育科技CCO,BOX定投践行群青年版鸿鹄计划总负责
听译人|周思源(Lisa),在读大学生,CFA一级candidate
中英文校对|Susan,笑来写作训练营总策划,世界500强企业华南区高管
中文校对|知行一,老姚-洞见生产者,李建勇,塔克,汤汤
翻译校对|隆德大学MorelLiu
统筹|牛牛的Annie
值得一提的是,在翻译的志愿者中有一位白血病患者LucyMa。她2020年中被诊断为急性髓系白血病,经过几次化疗之后,一直在筹备做造血干细胞移植手术。
正在寻访移植手术医院,因家庭情况所限,没有家人照护,需要同时寻找当地友人照护资源以及可能存在的医疗社工照护资源。