“WouldYouRather”isanextremelyfungametoplaywithfamilyandfriends,especiallywhenitisdonespontaneously.You’llprobablybesurprisedtohearthatscientistsenjoyplayingthisgametoo,coveringavarietyoftopics.
“WouldYouRather”是一个非常有趣的游戏,可以和家人朋友一起玩,尤其是自发进行的时候。你可能会惊讶地听到科学家们也喜欢玩这个游戏,涵盖了各种各样的主题。
Well,allright,sciencetendstobemorecomplicatedthanproposinga“thisorthat”question,buttheprincipleisthesame.AstudybyJackLevin,ArnoldArluke,andLeslieIrvineasked240studentstoreadafictionalnewsstory,wherebylawenforcementwascalledtoinvestigateasavagebeating,butnoarrestsweremade.Eachstudentreceivedadifferentfictionalstoryatrandom,wherebytheonlydifferenceisthevictim:aninfant,apuppy,anadultdog,oranadulthuman.Afterward,theywereaskedtoindicatethelevelofempathytowardsthevictim.
好吧,科学往往比提出“这个或那个”的问题更复杂,但原理是一样的。杰克?列文、阿诺德?阿卢克和莱斯利?尔湾进行了一项研究,他们让240名学生阅读一篇虚构的新闻故事,并要求执法部门调查一起野蛮殴打事件,但没有人被捕。每个学生随机收到一个不同的虚构故事,唯一不同的是受害者:一个婴儿,一只小狗,一只成年狗,或者一个成年人。之后,他们被要求表明对受害者的同情程度。
Astudywasconductedonpeople’sempathytowardshumansvs.animalsinNortheasternUniversity
东北大学进行了一项关于人们对人和动物的同理心的研究
Imagecredits:JordanKoons/Unsplash
Thestudyaimstoidentifytheleveltowhichrespondentsareemotionallydisturbedbyreportsofhumanandanimalsufferingandabuse.Theideacamefromthepopularviewthatthemediaseemstoevokegreateremotionalreactionsanddrawmoreattentionfromthepublicwithstoriesthatinvolveanimalvictimsratherthanhumanvictims.
这项研究的目的是确定受访者对人类和动物遭受虐待和虐待的情绪困扰程度。这一想法源于一种流行的观点,即媒体似乎通过报道动物受害者而非人类受害者来唤起更大的情感反应,吸引公众更多的注意力。
Levinet.al.illustratedthiswithHarrison’sFund,aDuchennemusculardystrophysupportcharity.Theyranafundraiserandusedtwoversionsofthesamead.Bothofthemhadthecaption“Wouldyougive5poundstosaveHarrisonfromaslow,painfuldeath”However,thefeaturedimagewasdifferent:onewasofaneight-year-oldwithDuchenne,whiletheotherwasastockphotoofadog.Thedogversionendedupattractingtwiceasmanyclickscomparedtotheversionwiththeboy.
Imagecredits:BerntS?nvisen
Thoughthereweresimilarstudiesdoneontheissueofempathytowardshumansvs.animals,manyofthemendedupbeinginconclusiveduetohowthenatureofempathyisviewed.Thiseventuallyleadtofurtherresearchthatsupportstheideaoftwokindsofempathy—thesesharecertaincomponents,asopposedtoasingleemotionalmechanism.
虽然也有类似的关于人类与动物的同理心问题的研究,但由于同理心的本质是如何被看待的,很多研究结果都是不确定的。这最终导致了进一步的研究,支持了两种共情的观点——它们共享特定的组成部分,而不是单一的情感机制。
240studentswereaskedtorespondtoafakearticle,thevictimsofwhichwererandomized
Imagecredits:RussellTrow
Thecurrentstudygivesanumberofinsights,themainonebeingtheideathatthevictim’sagewasakeyfactorintriggeringempathy.Respondentsweretheleastempathictotheadulthumanvictim,whileinfantsreceivedthemostempathy.Puppiesandadultdogscameinbetweenthetwohumanoptions,leaningmuchmoretowardsinfantratherthanadulthumanscores.
目前的研究给出了一些见解,其中最主要的观点是,受害者的年龄是引发同理心的关键因素。被调查者对成人受害者的同情心最少,而婴儿的同情心最多。小狗和成年狗介于两种人类选择之间,更倾向于婴儿而不是成年人类的得分。
Scientistssuggestthatthehighempathyscoreforinfantsisbecauserespondentsviewinfantsassimilartothemselves,oftheirownkind.Thisideaconnectstotheirsecondexplanationthatbothinfantsanddogsarevulnerable,thusbringinghuman-animalempathyscoresclosertothoseoftheinfant.However,neitheroftheseexplanationsareconfirmedinthecurrentstudy.
科学家认为,婴儿的同理心得分高,是因为受访者认为婴儿与自己相似,属于同类。这一观点与他们的第二个解释相联系,即婴儿和狗都是脆弱的,从而使人与动物的同理心得分更接近婴儿。然而,这两种解释在目前的研究中都没有得到证实。
It’sofficial—sciencesayspeoplearemoreempathetictowardsdogsthantheyarewithhumanadults