Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Researchers,writinginthejournalHeart,pooleddatafrom23studiesandfoundthatsocialisolationorfeelingsoflonelinessweretiedtoanincreasedriskofcoronaryheartdisease(冠心病)andstrokes.
Thestudiesincludeddatafrom181,006menandwomenages18andover.Therewere4,628coronaryeventsand3,002strokesinfollow-upperiods26fromthreeto21years.Threeofthepapers27loneliness,18lookedatsocialisolationandtwoincludedboth.Socialisolationandlonelinessweredeterminedwithquestionnaires;theresearchersdependedonmedicalrecordsanddeath28fordeterminingcoronaryeventsandstrokes.
Thescientistsfoundthatlonelinessandsocialisolationincreasedthe29riskofhavingaheartattackoradeathfromheartdiseaseby29percent,andtheriskofstrokeby32percent.Therewereno30betweenmenandwomen.
“Peoplehavetendedtofocusfromapolicypointofviewon31lonelypeopletomakethemmore32,”saidtheleadauthor,NicoleK.Valtorta,aresearchfellowattheUniversityofYorkinEngland.“Ourstudy33thatifthisisariskfactor,thenweshouldbetryingtopreventtheriskfactorinthefirstplace.”
Theauthors34thatthiswasareviewofobservationalstudiesanddidnot35causeandeffect.
A)acknowledgeI)narrow
B)certificatesJ)permanent
C)connectedK)produces
D)demonstratesL)ranging
E)differencesM)relative
F)establishN)submitting
G)formatsO)targeting
H)measured
答案解析
26.L)【语义判断】空格所在句的意思是,在_____3年到21年的随访期间,有4,628例冠心病发作和3.002例中风。因此本空应填入表达某个范围意义的动词-ing形式,由此确定答案为L)ranging“在某范围内变化”。备选的其他动词均没有此含义,因此排除。
27.H)【语义判断】空格所在句的意思是,其中3篇论文_____瓜独感,18篇论文研究了社交隔离和2篇包含两者。可知,本句介绍的是有几篇论文研究了孤独感,又因为本段动词用的是过去时态,因此本空应填入含有“研究”意义的动词-ed形式,由此答案为H)measured“衡量”。备选的其他动词均没有此含义,因此排除。
28.B)【语义判断】空格所在句的意思是,研究人员依靠医疗记录和死亡_____来确定冠心病发作和中风。根据常识可知,人在死亡后会有相应的证明和记录,因此本空应填入含有“证明、记录”意义的名词,由此确定答案为B)certificates。备选的其他名词均没有此含义,因此排除。
29.M)【语义判断】空格所在句的意思是,科学家们发现孤独和社交隔离会使心脏病发作或死于心脏病的_____风险增加29%,中风的风险增加32%。此题无法直接根据句意判断所填词的意思,适合用排除法。在备选形容词中,D)narrow“狭窄的”和J)permanent“永久的”均不符合句意,由此确定答案为M)relative“相对的”。
30.E)【语义判断】空格所在句的意思是,男性和女性之间没有_____。备选项中,只有E)differences“差异,不同”符合句意,因此答案为E)differences。备选的其他名词复数形式均没有此含义,因此排除。
33.D)【语义判断】空格所在句的意思是,我们的研究_____,如果这是一个风险因素,那么我们应该首先努力预防风险因素。由句意可知,that从句是研究的结果,因此本空应填入含有“说明,表明”意义的动词以说明研究结果,由此确定答案为D)demonstrates。备选的其他动词中,A)acknowledge有类似含义,但是属于动词原形,主谓不一致,而其他备选动词均无此含义,因此排除。
34.A)【语义判断】空格所在句的意思是,作者们_____这是对观察性研究的回顾。由句意可知,that从句说明的是作者们的观点,因此本空应填入能够表达观点的动词,由此确定答案为A)acknowledge“承认”。备选的其他动词中,D)demonstrates有类似含义,但是属于第三人称单数形式,主谓不一致,而其他备选动词均无此含义,因此排除。
35.F)【语义判断】空格所在句的意思是,作者们承认这是对观察性研究的回顾,并没有_____因果关系。由句意可知,本研究只是梳理了其他研究,没有阐述孤独与增加冠心病或中风的风险之间的因果关系。备选项中,只有F)establish“建立;证实”符合句意。备选的其他动词原形均没有此含义,因此排除。
SectionB
Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Fachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.
A)Thisfall,thousandsofcollegestudentsfromacrossthecountrywillbegintheirundergraduatestudiesatcollegesaroundthenation.Theywillinevitablypacktoomuchtofitintheirtinydormrooms.Theywillalsocarrywiththemahugestudentloandebt,inadditiontocountless“hidden”out-of-pocketcostspaidforbytheirbankaccountsandthebankaccountsoftheirfamilies.
C)Universitiestodayareinthebusinessofmakingmoney,andmineisnoexception.Theyhitmerightoutofgatewitha$160feetoattendmyfreshmanorientation,apricewhichdoesnotincludethecostoftraveltoandfromtheDistrict.Almosteveryclasshasanassociatedfeenotincludedinthecostoftuition,mostbetween$40and$100.Feesforlabscienceclassesarethehighest,andallstudentsatmyuniversityarerequiredtotakeatleastonelabbeforetheygraduate.Buyingalaptopprovedanecessityand,thankfully,arelativeboughtmeoneasagift.Rentingamini-fridgeformydormroomcostsmyroommatesandmeabout$140avear.
D)Schoolswillchargeyouwhatevertheycan.Thecostsofanydamagetothedorm,includingelevators,bathrooms,andcommonareas,arebilledtoeverypersononadormfloor,orcventheentirebuildingiftheydonotknowwhocausedthedamage.AfterIfelloutofmybedtwiceduringmyfreshmanyear,theuniversityinstalledarailing—for$20,billedtomystudentaccount.Myfinancialaiddidnotanticipateanyofthesecosts,andsoitdidnotcoverthem.
E)AnInternetsearchof"hiddencosts"ofcollegeturnsupahostofarticlesonparent-centeredwebsitesonthecollegeapplicationprocess.Thesearticlesarealmostalwaysgearedtowardsupper-andmiddle-classfamilies.Forstudentsalreadystrugglingtopaytuition,thesecostsmaybetheleastoftheirworries.
F)Sowhathiddencostsshouldlow-incomestudentsreallybepayingattentiontoMycollegeexperienceoffersafewexamples.
H)Ifyouplanonpayingoffbillsinyourstudentaccountwithacreditcard,beawareofanyadditionalcosts.Myschoolchargesanadditionalfeefortheuseofacreditcardtosettleoutstandingcharges,whichcanaddupwardsof3%ofthebalancetoyourbill
I)Thereisanotherdepressingrealityhiddenwithineventhelargestfinancialaidpackages:Collegesoftenofferthemostgenerouspackagesduringfreshmanyearasawaytoattractnewstudents.Myfamilywascarefultoaskaboutthechancesoffinancialaidbeingtakenawayaftermyfreshmanyear.Wewereassuredthat,exceptforlowgradesoraraiseinfamilyincome,nomoneywouldbetakenaway.Wedidnotknowtoask—andtheschooldidnotreadilypointout—thateveniftuitionrises,myfinancialaidpackagewillstaythesame.Sowhenmyuniversityvotedtoraisetuitioncosts3%attheendofmyfreshmanyear,myfinancialaidpackageremainedthesameandIwassuddenlyresponsibleforanadditional$1,200forthenextyear.Theuniversityadministrationwilllikelyvotetoraisecostsatleastoncemorebeforemygraduation.
K)Thekeyistomakesurethatstudentsandtheirfamiliesunderstandthathiddencostsexist,andthattheymayproveproblematic.Filloutamorecomprehensivechecklist,andbewaryoflistedpricesthatseemtoolow.Understandjusthowcomplicatedthefinancialaidprocessis.
M)Inthegrandschemeofthings,however,collegesalsomustcometounderstandthatthehiddenfeestheyaskformayproveunmanageablefortheverykindsoflow-incomeorfirst-generationstudentstheyaretryingdesperatelytoattract.
37.Studentsmaynotbeabletoenjoytheirstatebenefitswhentheygotocollegeoutofthestate.
38.Thefinancialaidtheauthorreceivesissupposedtocoverallhercollegeexpenses.
39.Whenthepersonwhodamagesdormfacilitiesisnotidentified,studentsarerequiredtosharethecost.
40.Thoughitisdifficultandembarrassing,studentsshouldmakeinquiriesaboutwhatfeestheyhavetopayandwhy.
41.Today,manyAmericanshavetogotocollegeonstudentloans.
43.Studentsmaynolongerbequalifiedforfinancialaidiftheyperformpoorlyinschooloriftheirfamilyincomehasincreased.
44.Inadditiontotuition,collegestudentshavetopayextrafeesforthecoursestheytake.
45.Someschoolschargestudentsafeetotheirstudentaccountsforusingcreditcardstopaybills.
36.【定位】由题干中的financialaid、remainsunchanged和tuitionriscs定位到I)段第四句。
I)【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到,我们并不知道要去询问_____校也没有打算指出_____即使学费上涨,我的补助计划依旧保持原样。第五句接着用事实证明,来年学费增长了3%,但经济补助还是和原来的一样。题干中的financialaid和tuitionrises在定位句中直接出现,题干中的remainsunchanged对应定位句中的staythesame和第五句中的remainedthesame,故答案为I)。
37.【定位】由题干中的statebenefits和gotocollegeoutofthestate定位到G)段第二、三句。
G)【精析】细节归纳题。定位句指出,直到我被一所州外的学校录取以后,我才知道除了急救护理,我不能在校园里使用我在俄亥俄州的医疗补助。我的福利在我离开俄亥俄州的那一刻就失效了。题干是对定位句的概括总结,故答案为G)。
38.【定位】由题干中的Thefinancialaidtheauthorreceives和coverallhercollegeexpenses定位到B)段第三、四句。
B)【精析】同义转述题。定位句指出,从理论上来看我的支出和财政补助基本持平。实际而言,并非如此。题干中的cover是对定位句中evenout的同义转述。题干中的issupposedto意为“应该是”,用于表示某事本应发生而没有发生,这与定位句中的Onpaper和Offpaper表达含义一致,故答案为B)。
39.【定位】由题干中的damagesdormfacilities、notidentified和studentsarerequiredtosharethecost定位到D)段第二句。
D)【精析】同义转述题。定位句指出,宿舍的任何损坏,包括电梯、浴室和公共区域,都会向该楼层的所有学生征收费用,如果他们不知道是谁导致的损坏,甚至会向整栋楼收费。题干中的damagesdormfacilities对应定位句中的anydamagetothedorm,题干中的notidentificed对应定位句中的donoknow,题干中的studentsarerequiredtosharethecost对应定位句中的billedtoeveryperson,故答案为D)。
40.【定位】由题干中的difficultandembarrassing和makeinquiries定位到L)段。
L)【精析】细节归纳题。定位段第三、四句指出,如果有些事情看起来不对劲,那就要询问。如果还是不妥,那就协商一下。接着表示,如果父母身兼数职,不太了解大学里的官僚制度,英语水平有限,或是没有为孩子的教育提供经济支持,那么自我辩护的重担就落在了学生身上。但这是必要的。定位段中提及的“自我辩护”即对所收费用是否合理进行询问或协商,题干是对定位段的总结概括,故答案为L)。
41.【定位】由题干中的onstudentloans定位到A)段第三句。
A)【精析】细节推断题。定位句指出,除了由他们自己的银行账户和他们家人的银行账户支付的无数“隐性”自付费用外,他们还将背负巨额的学生贷款债务。题干中的studenloans对应定位句中的studentloandebt,故答案为A)。
43.【定位】由题干中的nolongerbequalifiedforfinancialaid、performpoorlyinschool和familyincomehasincreased定位到I)段第三句。
I)【精析】同义转述题。定位句指出,除非成绩很差或家庭收入增加,否则不会取消补助。题干中的performpoorlyinschool对应定位句中的lowgrades,题干中的familyincomehasincreased对应定位句中的araiseinfamilyincome,故答案为I)。
44.【定位】由题干中的Inadditiontotuition和payextrafesforthecoursestheytake定位到C)段第三句。
45.【定位】由题干中的chargestudentsafee和usingcreditcardstopaybills定位到H)段第二句。
H)【精析】同义转述题。定位句指出,我的学校对使用信用卡结算未支付费用额外收费,这可能会在你的账单上增加3%以上的费用。题干中的chargestudentsafee对应定位句中的chargesanadditionalfee,题干中的usingcreditcardstopaybills对应定位句中的theuseofacreditcardtosettleoutstandingcharges,故答案为H)。
SectionC
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Fachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
PassageOne
Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Towritehis2010book,The5-FactorWorldDiet,nutritionistHarleyPasternaktraveledtothehealthiestcountriesaroundtheworldtolearnmoreaboutwhatmadetheirmealsextranourishing.
HenotedthatJapanesepeopleateawonderfulvarietyofseaweeds,andthatChinesepeopletriedtoincludeatleastfivedifferentcolorsineverymeal.PasternakalsocameawaywithsomevaluableobservationsabouthowdifferenttheNorthAmericanwayoflifewas,comparedwithmanyothercountries.
Forexample,atraditionalMediterraneandietincludesfruits,vegetables,wholegrains,nutsandoliveoilasthemaincomponentsofnutritionalintake.Fish,chickenandredwinemakemoderateappearances,whileredmeat,saltandsugarareusedmuchlessoften.ThebenefitsofatraditionalMediterraneandiethavebeenstudiedsincethe1970s,andresearchershavefoundthatlivingthatoliveoillifecanhelppeopleloseweight,lowertheirheartdiseaseriskandreversediabetes.
Mostotherhealthyeatingculturesalsomakemealsanevent—say,multiplecoursesaroundthefamilytable,oraglassortwoofredwineatalonglunch—asopposedtohastilywolfingdownhandfulsofcerealabovethekitchensinkandcallingitdinner.
46.WhatcharacterizesJapaneseandChinesefoods
A)Variety.
B)Flavor
C)Color.
D)Naturalness.
47.WhatistypicalofAmericansinthewayofcating
A)Theyemphasizenutrition.
B)Theytendtocatquitealot.
C)Theyprioritizeconvenience.
D)Theycareaboutflavors.
48.WhatfeaturesinMediterranean,NordicandOkinawandiets
A)Fruitsandvegetables.
B)Oliveoilandredwine
C)Seasonallocalproduce.
D)Unprocessedingredients.
49.Whatdopeopleinmosthealthycatingcultureshaveincommon
A)Theygetthewholefamilytoeatatatable.
B)Theycattheirmealsregularlyandpunctually.
C)Theyconsumeplentyofcerealforbrcakfast.
D)Theyattachgreatimportancetotheirmeals.
50.ComparedwiththeaverageAmerican,peopleinhealthysocieties
A)walkatleast4milesaday.
B)doconsiderablymorewalking.
C)paymoreattentiontobodyshape.
D)consumealotmoreorganicfood.
46.【定位】由题干中的JapaneseandChinesefoods定位到第二段第一句。
A)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出,他注意到日本人吃很多种类的海藻,而中国人则会在每餐中纳入至少5种颜色的食物。由此可见,不管是日本人还是中国人,在饮食上的特点都是种类丰富,故答案为A)。
47.【定位】由题干中的Americansinthewayofeating定位到第三段第一句。
B)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到,美国人比其他国家的人饭量更大,也就是说,他们吃的更多一些故答案为B)。
48.【定位】由题干中的Mediterranean,NordicandOkinawandiets定位到第三段最后两句。
C)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出,他将此和健康的地中海饮食、北欧饮食和冲绳饮食进行了对比这些地方的饮食看似都坚持了地方性和季节性农产品的特质,故答案为C)。
49.【定位】由题干中的mosthealthyeatingcultures定位到第五段。
D)【精析】细节辨认题。第五段提到,很多其他的健康饮食文化也会把吃饭视为一件大事。比如,在家庭餐桌上吃上几道菜,或者在一顿漫长的午餐中喝一两杯红酒,而不是匆忙地在厨房水槽旁狼吞虎咽地吃下几把麦片,然后称之为晚餐。也就是很重视每一餐的质量,故答案为D)。
50.【定位】由题干中的peopleinhealthysocieties定位到最后一段第二、三句。
PassageTwo
Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Instudentswhowereratedmoreemotionallyintelligent,thestressmeasuresincreasedmoreduringtheexperimentandtooklongertogobacktobaseline.Thefindingssuggestthatsomepeoplemaybetooemotionallycleverfortheirowngood,saysBechtoldt.“Sometimesyoucanbesogoodatsomethingthatitcausestrouble,"shenotes.
Indeed,thestudyaddstopreviousresearchhintingatadarksideofemotionalintelligence.Astudypublishedin2002inPersonalityandIndividualDifferencessuggestedthatemotionallyperceptivepeoplemightbeparticularlyinfluencedbyfeelingsofdepressionandhopelessness.Furthermore,severalstudieshaveimpliedthatemotionalintelligencecanbeusedtomaninulateothersforpersonalgains.
51.Whatisthefindingofthenewstudy
A)Emotionalintelligencehelpspeoplegetalongwithothers.
B)Emotionalintelligenceisgenerallybeneficialtoitsbearer.
D)Peoplewhoareemotionallystressedmayhavetroublemakingfriends.
A)Todefinedifferenttypesofhumanfeelings.
B)Toassesstheimpactsofbeingemotionallyclever.
C)Todemonstratehowtodistinguishdifferentfeelings.
D)Toidentifygenderdifferencesinemotionalintelligence.
B)Emotionalintelligencehelpspeoplesuceedinjobinterviews.
D)Peoplemaysufferfromhavingahighemotionalintelligence.
54.Whatdowelearnaboutemotionalintelligencefromanumberofstudies
A)Peoplesufferingfromdepressionareemotionallyimmature.
B)Peoplewholookatthedarksideoflifeoftenfeeldepressed.
C)Somepeoplemaytakeadvantageofitandbenefitthemselves.
D)Somepeoplemaylackitandareeasilymanipulatedbyothers.
55.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestsensitiveindividualsdo
B)Ridthemselvesofworriesoverworldlyaffairs.
D)Helppeopletodealwiththeirtroublesinlife.
51.【定位】由题干中的thefindingofthenewstudy定位到第一段第二句。
C)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出,一项新研究表明,对他人的感受过于敏感有时候也会让人平添一些额外的压力。故答案为C)。
B)【精析】推理判断题。定位句提到,心理学家米利亚姆·贝赫托尔特在一项研究中询问了166名男学生一系列问题,来衡量他们的情商。第二段也提到,科学家们在演讲前后分别测量了这些学生唾液中压力激素的浓度。综合以上信息可以推断,实验的目的是评估情商的影响,故答案为B)。
D)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出,贝赫托尔特认为,这些发现表明有些人可能在情感上过于聪明,而这对自己没有什么好处;有时候你可能在某些方面太擅长以至于也会带来麻烦。故答案为D)。
54.【定位】由题干中的anumberofstudies定位到第四段最后一句。
C)【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出,一些研究也指出,情商可以用来操纵他人以获得个人利益,故答案为C)。
55.【定位】由题干中的theauthor和sensitiveindividuals定位到最后一段最后两句。
A)【精析】细节辨认题。由定位句可知,一些敏感的人也许会为他人的悲伤或气愤承担责任,最终让自己压力重重。作者用贝赫托尔特的话对敏感的人提出了建议,即不必对他人的感受负责,故答案为A)。