【专题】高考英语阅读理解备考：阅读理解句子长句解析
阅读量：137312022.02.28作者:鱼子酱
高考英语阅读理解备考：
结合高考真题阅读之长难句解析
高中英语学习，素来有“得阅读者得天下”之说，关于如何得阅读经广大一线教师多年潜心研究，众说纷纭。笔者作为小教一名，主要结合全国I卷几篇阅读语料，就阅读中的长句分析略发表想法一二，不成熟之处，望海涵。
鉴于英语是典型形合语，高中生若想做好阅读试题，长句分析是不可或缺的基本技能之一，而该项技能的获得，不是简单了解从句结构，而是需要精通五种基本句型，七种句子成分，常考特殊语法现象，比如祈使句、倒装句、省略句、虚拟语气等，此外能就常考词类活用及派生词有一定认知，并能就句子意群之间的聚合关系进行逻辑辨析。
例句：
阅读A篇
1.NotastudentGotothegovernmentwebsitetolearnaboutprogramsandonlinetoolsavailabletohelppeopleunder30buildskills,findajoborstartbusinessesallyearround.
2.SummerCompanyprovidesstudentswithhands-onbusinesstrainingandawardsofupto$3,000tostartandruntheirownsummerbusinesses.
分析：主干providesbwithsth的结构，SummerCompany(主语)providesstudentswithhands-onbusinesstrainingandawardsofupto$3,000（awards的后置定语）tostartandrun（不定时表目的）theirownsummerbusinesses（名词词组意群）.
3.ThroughtheSummerEmploymentOpportunitiesprogram,studentsarehiredeachyearinavarietyofsummerpositionsacrosstheProvincialPublicService,itsrelatedagenciesandcommunitygroups.（阅读A篇）
分析：ThroughtheSummerEmploymentOpportunitiesprogram（方式状语）,studentsarehiredeachyearinavarietyofsummerpositionsacrosstheProvincialPublicService,itsrelatedagenciesandcommunitygroups（对theProvincialPublicService这个名词短语的诠释）.
阅读B篇
1.“Ittakesalotforanystudent,”Whaleyexplains,“especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage,tofeelconfidentenoughtosay,‘Idon’tknow,butIwanttoknow.’”
分析：“Ittakesalotforanystudent,”Whaleyexplains（插入语）,“especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage（especially引导的插入语，对前面anystudent的内容进行加深处理）,tofeelconfidentenoughto（形式主语It所指代内容）say,‘Idon’tknow,butIwanttoknow.’”
阅读C篇
1.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit’sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.
分析：Thus（与上文的逻辑语义关系，信息定位关键词）,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities,andbyextension（插入语）,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit’sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright（破折号后的诠释）.
2.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.
分析：Datacollectedfromthedevice（后置定语，是定语从句的简化形式）couldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.
3.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.
分析：Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeand（and并列两个谓语动词，主语为thekeyboard）ismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.
阅读D篇
1.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.
分析：Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybut（notAbutB不是A二是B的固定结构）bysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers（三个v-ing形式的动词词组并列）,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.
2.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.
分析：Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualities（超长名词性词组做主语）strengthen（谓语动词）schoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand（并列前面的strengthen和后面的areemployed两个谓语动词）,whentappedearly,（插入语）areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.
3.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus.”
分析：Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment（主语从句中的比较状语）,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus.”（黑体部分为主语从句，但因为谓语动词show太短，用it做形式主语）
四级仔细阅读模拟
SectionC
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
PassageOne
Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Asapersonwhowritesaboutfoodanddrinkforaliving.Icouldn’ttellyouthefirstthingaboutBillPerryorwhetherthebeershesellsarethatgreat.ButIcantellyouthatIlikethisguy.That’sbecauseheplanstobantippinginfavorofpayinghisserversanactuallivingwage.
Ihatetipping.
Ihateitbecauseit’sanobligationdisguisedasanoption.Ihateitforthepost-dinnermathitrequiresofme.Butmostly,IhatetippingbecauseIbelieveIwouldbeinabetterplaceifpaydecisionsregardingemployeesweresimplyleftuptotheiremployers,asisthecustominvirtuallyeveryotherindustry.
Mostofyouprobablythinkthatyouhatetipping,too.Researchsuggestsotherwise.Youactuallylovetipping!Youliketofeelthatyouhaveavoiceinhowmuchmoneyyourservermakes.Nomatterhowthemathworksout,youpersistentlyviewrestaurantswithvoluntarytippingsystemsasbeingabettervalue,whichmakesitextremelydifficultforrestaurantsandbarstodoawaywiththetippingsystem.
Oneargumentthatyoutendtohearalotfromthepro-tippingcrowdseemslogicalenough:theserviceisbetterwhenwaitersdependontips,presumablybecausetheyseeabenefittosuccessfullyveilingtheircontemptforyou.Well,ifthisweretrue,wewouldallbeslippingafew100-dollarbillstoourdoctorsonthewayouttheirdoors,too.Butasitturnsout,waitersseeonlyatinybumpintipswhentheydoanexceptionaljobcomparedtoapassableone.Waiters,keenobserversofhumanitythattheyare,arecatchingontothis;inonepoll,afull30%saidtheydidn’tbelievethejobtheydidhadanyimpactonthetipstheyreceived.
Socomeon,folks:getonboardwithditchingtheoutdatedtipsystem.Payalittlemoreupfrontforyourbeerorburger.SupportBillPerry’spub,andanyotherbarorrestaurantthatdoesn’taskyoutododrunkenmath.
46.WhatcanwelearnaboutBillPerryfromthepassage
A)Herunsapubthatservesexcellentbeer.
B)Heintendstogetridofthetippingpractice.
C)Hegiveshisstaffaconsiderablesumfortips.
D)Helivescomfortablywithoutgettinganytips.
47.Whatisthemainreasonwhytheauthorhatestipping
A)Itsetsabadexampleforotherindustries.
B)Itaddstotheburdenofordinarycustomers.
C)Itforcesthecustomertocompensatethewaiter.
D)Itposesagreatchallengeforcustomerstodomath.
48.Whydomanypeoplelovetippingaccordingtotheauthor
A)Theyhelpimprovethequalityoftherestaurantstheydinein.
B)Theybelievewaitersdeservesuchrewardsforgoodservice.
C)Theywanttopreserveawonderfultraditionoftheindustry.
D)Theycanhavesomesayinhowmuchtheirserversearn.
49.Whathavesomewaiterscometorealizeaccordingtoasurvey
A)Servicequalityhaslittleeffectontipsize.
B)Itisinhumanmaturetotrytosaveontips.
C)Tipsmakeitmoredifficulttopleasecustomers.
D)Tipsbenefitthebossratherthattheemployees.
50.Whatdoestheauthorargueforinthepassage
A)Restaurantsshouldcalculatethetipsforcustomers.
B)Customersshouldpaymoretipstohelpimproveservice.
C)Waitersdeservebetterthanjustrelyingontipsforaliving.
D)Waitersshouldbepaidbyemployersinsteadofcustomers.
PassageTwo
Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Inthepast,fallingoilpriceshavegivenaboosttotheworldeconomy,butrecentforecastsforglobalgrowthhavebeentoneddown,evenasoilpricessinklowerandlower.Doesthatmeanthelinkbetweenloweroilpricesandgrowthhasweakened
Someexpertssaytherearestillgoodreasonstobelievecheapoilshouldheatuptheworldeconomy.Consumershavemoremoneyintheirpocketswhenthey’repayinglessatthepump.Theyspendthatmoneyonotherthings,whichstimulatestheeconomy.
ThebiggestgainsgotocountriesthatimportmostoftheiroillikeChina,Japan,andIndia,Butdoesn’ttheextramoneyinthepocketsofthosecountries’consumersmeananequallossinoilproducingcountries,cancellingoutthegainsNotnecessarily,sayseconomicresearcherSaraJohnson.“Manyoilproducersbuiltuphugereservefundswhenpriceswerehigh,sowhenpricesfalltheywilldrawontheirreservestosupportgovernmentspendingandsubsidies(补贴)fortheirconsumers.”
Butnotalloilproducershavebigreserves,InVenezuela,collapsingoilpriceshavesentitseconomyintofree-fall.
EconomistCarlWeinbergbelievesthenegativeeffectsofplungingoilpricesareoverwhelmingthepositiveeffectsofcheaperoil.Theimplicationisasharpdeclineinglobaltrade,whichhasplungedpartlybecauseoil-producingnationscan’taffordtoimportasmuchastheyusedto.
SaraJohnsonacknowledgesthattheglobaleconomicbenefitfromafallinoilpricestodayislikelylowerthanitwasinthepast.Onereasonisthatmorecountriesarebigoilproducersnow,sothenationssufferingfromthepricedropaccountforalargershareoftheglobaleconomy.
Consumers,intheU.S.atleast,areactingcautiouslywiththesavingsthey’regettingatthegaspump,asthememoryoftherecentgreatrecessionisstillfreshintheirmind.Andanumberofoil-producingcountriesaretrimmingtheirgasolinesubsidiesandraisingtaxes,sothenetsavingsforglobalconsumersisnotasbigastheoilpriceplungemightsuggest.
51.Whatdoestheauthormainlydiscussinthepassage
A)Thereasonsbehindtheplungeofoilprices.
B)Possiblewaystostimulatetheglobaleconomy.
C)Theimpactofcheapoilonglobaleconomicgrowth.
D)Theeffectoffallingoilpricesonconsumerspending.
52.Whydosomeexpertsbelievecheapoilwillstimulatetheglobaleconomy
A)Manufacturerscanproduceconsumergoodsatamuchlowercost.
B)Loweroilpriceshavealwaysgivenabigboosttotheglobaleconomy.
C)Oilpricesmayriseorfallbuteconomiclawsarenotsubjecttochange.
D)Consumerswillspendtheirsavingfromcheapoilonothercommodities.
53.Whathappensinmanyoil-exportingcountrieswhenoilpricesgodown
A)Theysuspendimportofnecessitiesfromoverseas.
B)Theyreduceproductiondrasticallytoboostoilprices.
C)Theyusetheirmoneyreservestobackupconsumption.
D)Theytrytostoptheireconomyfromgoingintofree-fall.
54.HowdoesCarlWeinbergviewthecurrentoilpriceplunge
A)Itisonethathasseennoparallelineconomichistory.
B)Itsnegativeeffectsmorethancanceloutitspositiveeffects.
C)Itstillhasachancetogiverisetoaboomintheglobaleconomy.
D)Itseffectsontheglobaleconomygoagainstexistingeconomiclaws.
55.Whyhaven’tfallingoilpricesboostedtheglobaleconomyastheydidbefore
A)Peoplearenotspendingallthemoneytheysaveongas.
B)Theglobaleconomyislikelytoundergoanotherrecession.
C)Oilimportersaccountforalargerportionoftheglobaleconomy.
D)Peopletheworldoverareafraidofafurtherplungeinoilprices.
【答案解析】
46.根据题目中的BillPerry这个专有名词，我们可以定位到文中的第一段话。在But后面有提到“我能告诉你我喜欢这个小伙子。因为他打算禁止付小费这种情况，而赞成给服务员实际的工资”。B选项和这句话的含义接近，getridof意为“摆脱”，和ban“禁止”含义相近;planto和intendto含义一样。所以正确答案为B.
47.根据题干中的关键词theauthorhatestipping和mainreason可以返回原文，定位到第三段。文中说“我讨厌它，因为它将义务伪装成一种选择。”既然是义务，那必然是强迫顾客去做的事情，这和C选项的含义较为接近。
48.根据关键词manypeoplelovetipping返回原文，我们可以定位至第四段。根据文中第二行的Youliketofeelthatyouhaveavoiceinhowmuchmoneyyourservermakes.可知，这题应该选择D选项。
49.文中问的是调查中一些服务员的观点，这在第五段的最后一句话中有所体现，文中说：一些服务员不认为他们的工作会受到收到的消费的影响。
50.本题问作者的观点，切记文中无人认领的观点便是作者的观点。在第六段的末尾有提到说，作者支持BillPerry的观点，而Bill的观点就和D选项是近义表达。
46.[B]Heintendstogetridofthetippingpractice.
47.[C]Itforcesthecustomertocompensatethewaiter.
48.[D]Theycanhavesomesayinhowmuchtheirserversearn.
49.[A]Servicesqualityhaslittleeffectontipsize.
50.[D]Waitersshouldbepaidbyemployersinsteadofcustomers.
答案解析：
51.[C]Theimpactofcheapoilonglobaleconomicgrowth.
解析：本题是主旨题，原文第一段表示“过去油价下降总是刺激世界经济增长，但是即使现在油价下降越来越多，最新对经济增长的预测却不容乐观，这意味着更低的油价和增长之间的关系削弱了吗”这第一段点明了主题，后面的段落都是在讨论油价下降为什么以前可以刺激经济增长，而现在却不再能刺激经济增长了。可以看出是C是正确答案。
52.[D]Consumerswillspendtheirsavingsfromcheapoilonothercommodities.
解析：根据原文第二段“someexpertssaytherearestillgoodreasonsto...Theyspendthatmoneyonotherthings,whichstimulatestheeconomy”，可以看出是D正确选项。
53.[C]Theyusetheirmoneyreservestobackupconsumption.
解析：根据原文第三段中“drawontheirreservestosupportgovernmentspendingandsubsidiesfortheirconsumers”，可以看出C是正确选项。
54.[B]Itsnegativeeffectsmorethancanceloutitspositiveeffects.
解析：根据原文第五段中“thenegativeeffectsofplungingoilpricesareoverwhelmingthepositiveeffectsofcheaperoil”可以看出B是正确选项。
55.[C]Oilimportersaccountforalargerportionoftheglobaleconomy.
解析：根据原文第六段中“sothenationssufferingfromthepricedropaccountforalargershareoftheglobaleconomy”，可以看出是C正确选项。
参考答案：
PartⅢReadingSectionC(卷二)
"Sugar,alcoholandtobacco,"economistAdamSmithoncewrote,"arecommoditieswhicharenowherenecessariesoflife,whichhavebecomeobjectsofalmostuniversalconsumption,andwhichare,therefore,extremelypopularsubjectsoftaxation."
Twoandahalfcenturieson,mostcountriesimposesomesortoftaxonalcoholandtobacco.Withsurgingobesitylevelsputtingincreasingstrainonpublichealthsystems,governmentsaroundtheworldhavebeguntotoywiththeideaoftaxingsugaraswell.
Whethersuchtaxesworkisamatterofdebate.ApreliminaryreviewofMexico'staxationfoundafallinpurchasesoftaxeddrinksaswellasariseinsalesifuntaxedandhealthierdrinks.Bycontrast,aDanishtaxonfoodshighinfatswasabandonedayearafteritsintroduction,amidclaimsthatconsumerswereavoidingitbycrossingthebordertoGermanytosatisfytheirdesireforcheaper,fattierfare.
Thefoodindustryhas,ingeneral,beenfirmlyopposedtosuchdirectgovernmentaction.Nonetheless,therenewedfocusonwaistlinesmeansthatindustrygroupsareunderpressuretodemonstratetheirproductsarehealthyaswellastasty.
Overthepastthreedecades,theindustryhasmadesomeeffortstoimprovethequalityofitsofferings.Forexample,somedrinkmanufactureshavecuttheamountofsugarintheirbeverages.
Manyofthereductionsoverthepast30yearshavebeenachievedeitherbyreducingtheamountofsugar,saltorfatinaproduct,orbyfindinganalternativeingredient.Morerecently,however.
Somecompanieshavebeeninvestingmoneyinamoreambitiousundertaking:learninghowtoadjustthefundamentalmake-upofthefoodtheysell.Forexample,havingsaltontheoutside,butnoneontheinside,reducesthesaltcontentwithoutchangingthetaste.
Whilereformulatingrecipes(配方)isonewaytoimprovepublichealth,itshouldbepartofamulti-sidedapproach.Thekeyistorememberthat
thereisnotjustonesolution.Todealwithobesity,amixtureofapproaches-includingreformulation,taxationandadjustingportionsizes-willbeneeded.Thereisnosilverbullet.
46.WhatdidAdamSmithsayaboutsugar,alcoholandtobacco.
A.Theywereprofitabletomanufacture.
B.Theywereinever-increasingdemand.
C.Theyweresubjecttotaxationalmosteverywhere.
D.Theywerenolongerconsiderednecessitiesoflife.
【答案】C
47.Whyhavemanycountriesstartedtoconsidertaxingsugar
A.Theyareundergrowingpressurestobalancetheirnationalbudgets.
B.Theyfinditeverhardertocopewithsugar-inducedhealthproblems.
C.Theypracticeoftaxingalcoholandtobaccohasprovedbothpopularandprofitable.
D.Thesugarindustryisovertakingalcoholandtobaccobusinessingeneratingprofits.
【答案】B
48.WhatdowelearnaboutDanishtaxationonfat-richfoods
A.Itdidnotworkoutaswellaswasexpected.
B.Itgaverisetoalotofproblemsontheborder.
C.ItcouldnotsucceedwithoutGermancooperation.
D.Itmetwithfirmoppositionfromthefoodindustry.
【答案】A
49.Whatisthemorerecenteffortbyfoodcompaniestomakefoodsanddrinksbothhealthyandtasty
A.Replacingsugarorsaltwithalternativeingredients.
B.Settingalimitontheamountofsugarorsaltintheirproducts.
C.Investinginresearchtofindwaystoadapttoconsumers'needs.
D.Adjustingthephysicalcompositionoftheirproducts.
【答案】D
50.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying,attheendofthepassage,"Thereisnosilverbullet"(Line4,Para7)
A.Thereisnosingleeasyquicksolutiontotheproblem.
B.Thereisnohopeofsuccesswithoutpubliccooperation.
C.Thereisonhurryinfindingwaystosolvetheobesityproblem.
D.Thereisnoeffectivewaytoreducepeople'ssugarconsumption.
Youmayhaveheardsomeofthefashionindustryhorrorstories:modelseatingtissuesorcottonballstoholdoffhunger,andmodelscollapsingfromhunger-inducedheartattacksjustsecondsaftertheystepofftherunway.
Excessivelyskinnymodelshavebeenapointofcontroversyfordecades,andtworesearcherssayamodel'sbodymassshouldbeaworkspacehealthandsafetyissue.InaneditorialreleasedMondayintheAmericanJournalofPublicHealth,KatherineRecordandBrynAustinmadetheircaseforgovernmentregulationofthefashionindustry.
Theaverageinternationalrunwaymodelhasabodymassindex(BMI)under16-lowenoughtoindicatestarvationbytheWorldHealthOrganization'sstandard.AndRecordandAustinareworriednotjustaboutthemodelsthemselves,butaboutthevastnumberofgirlsandwomentheirimagesinfluence.
"Especiallygirlsandtens",saysRecord."Seventypercentofgirlsaged10to18reportthattheydefineperfectbodyimagebasedonwhattheyseeinmagazines."That'sespeciallyworrying,shesays,giventhatanorexia(厌食症)resultsinmoredeathsthandoesanyothermentalillness,accordingtotheNationalInstituteofMentalHealth.
It'scommonlyknownthatcertaindiseasesarelinkedwithoccupationslikelungdiseaseincoalminers.Professionalfashionmodelsareparticularlyvulnerabletoeatingdisordersresultingfromoccupationaldemandstomaintainextremethinness.
Record'ssuggestionistoprohibitagentsfromhiringmodelswithaBMIbelow18.
InApril,Francepassedalawsettinglowerlimitsforamodel'sweight.AgentsandfashionhouseswhohiremodelswithBMIunder18couldpay$82,000infinesandspendupto6monthsinjail.RegulatingthefashionindustryintheUnitedStateswon'tbeeasy,Recordsays.ButwiththenewrulesinFrance,U.S.supportcouldmakeadifference."Adesignercan'tsurvivewithoutparticipatinginParisFashionWeek",shesays,adding,"OurargumentisthatthesamewouldbetrueofNewYorkFashionWeek."
51.WhatdoRecordandAustinsayaboutfashionmodels'bodymass
A.Ithascausedneedlesscontroversy.
B.Itisfocusofthemodelingbusiness.
C.Itisbutamatterofpersonaltaste.
D.Itaffectsmodels'healthandsafety.
52.WhatareRecordandAustinadvocatingintheMondayeditorial
A.Achangeinthepublic'sviewoffemalebeauty.
B.Governmentlegislationaboutmodels'weight.
C.Eliminationofforcedweightlossbymodels.
D.Prohibitionofmodelseatingnon-foodstuff.
53.WhyareRecordandAustinworriedaboutthelowbodymassindexofmodels