1、大学英语四级基础实力班阅读教案第一节四级阅读总体概述1.课程简介A.大学英语新四级考试阅读部分题型解析（30分钟）a.快速阅读（SkimmingandScanning）总的原则：快速阅读不是为了阅读而阅读，而是为了考试而阅读。解题原则：顺序原则快速阅读所考题型脱胎于雅思考试，总计十题，前七题为判断题或选择题，后三题为完成句子题。判断题是前三次考试所用题型，选择题是最近两次考试所用题型。从难度上而言，判断题略高于选择题。但二者做题思路是一致的，因为本部分考察的是略读与跳读即：Skimmingandscanning.略读要求学生具备较强的连贯理解和推论能力，即通过所读的不多的
15、来确定词与词之间的关系；C.使用日常常识推断词义；D.不熟悉的词只要求推断其模糊词义即可，不要求精确对应词义；E.了解什么情况下不需要推测某些单词的意义。ForExample:1)Iremovedthe_fromtheshelfandbegantoread.日常逻辑2)Bobisathief;hewould_thegoldfromhisgrandmothersteethandnotfeelguilty.日常逻辑3)Ourunclewasa_,anincurablewandererwhocouldnever
16、stayinoneplace.(traveller,drifter,roamer)同位解释4)Unlikehisbrother,whoistrulyahandsomeperson,Hansisquite_.(ugly,homely,plain)对比关系5)Butsurelyeveryoneknowsthatifyousteponanegg,itwill_(因果关系)教材内容示例：1.P1,passageone,thelastsentence.Unemploymentisawasteofhumanresou
17、rces,andrepresentsadrainonpublicbudgetsandonthelifesavingsofindividualfamilies.(并列连词and可以作为线索，对比前后句型特点)1.P2,passagetwo,thelastsentenceHowever,thedifficultiesinvolvedinourtaskaresogreatthatwecannothopeformorethantentativeandincompleteanswers.(并列关系，学生可能不熟悉nomor
18、ethan用法)2.p5,第四小题carcinogenic,对应上一句的,nitratesandnitrites同位解释关系3.P6,passage3,line7-8Ifpeoplearedeprivedofthecompanyofothersforprolongedperiods,mentalbreakdownistheusualresults.(日常逻辑，加入你被一个人关在这个教室里长达一个月没人跟你说话，你可以想象结果会是怎样！)4.P3,passage4,thelastlineWhenresisted,asthe
19、ywereatBellevueineffortstoinstalltrainednursesonthematernitywards,.日常逻辑推论:除了医院，还有其他地方有妇科病房吗？护士可以“安装”吗？5.P8,passage2,第一句，wheredopesticidesfitintothepictureofenvironmentaldisease？不用推测具体词义，常识告诉我们前后的关系是什么。6.p11,unit3pasage4,最后一句，“fewerwordsnothaveservedthetrue,more
20、wouldhavebeensuperfluous”.对照关系，反义推论。7.p14,passage4,line1-2Itiscurioushowoftensympathyfortheoldandinfirmtakesaformwhichactuallyhumiliatesthem.注意这里curious与sympathy的关系是对立的，而oldinfirm是同方向的。8.p18,passage4,line1Realpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweenthei
21、rlivesandwhattheyseeonTV注意内在逻辑联系，不难推出resemblance是相似性的意思。9.p27,passage4,Para1lastsentencepeoplewhomaintaineyecontactwhilespeaking,whetherfromapodiumoracrossatable,areregarded“notonlyasexceptionallywell-disposedbytheirtargetbutalsoasmorebelievableandearnes
22、t”此句中的target典型的不能根据原意来做选择。根据上下文可知，target是指说话对象。其次，根据类比原则，podium和后面的table意义方向一致，结合日常逻辑，应该是类似于讲台的地方。Exercises：1.Onewhoisdestitutehasagreatneedforfoodandclothing.(verypoor)2.SomeoftheprospectorswhocametoCaliforniatofindgoldandsilverweresuccessful.(miners)3.Tryingtocont
23、rolawildanimalcanbeperilous.(dangerous)4.ItwasdifficulttokeeplawandorderintheOldWestbecauseofalltheoutlaws.(lawbreakers)5.Asthefatmansatdown,thechaircollapsedunderhim,withaloudnoiseoftearingcanvas.(broke)6.Yourlibrarypermitexpiresnextmonth,.Ifyouwa
24、nttoborrowabook,youmustrequestanewone.(ends)7.Jackwasthrilledtofindoutthathehadwonaspecialawardforhiswork.(excited)8.Thepilotincreasedthealtitudeoftheairplaneinordertoavoidtheraincloud.(height)cf.latitude,attitude9.Johndoesnotlikeswimming;therefore
25、hedoesnottakepartinaquaticsports.(water)10.Aftermarklosthisjob,hisfuturelookedverybleak.(hopelessanddiscouraging)11.Therearetimeswhenonewantstobesurroundedbypeople;therearealsotimeswhenoneneedssolitude.12.Hewasagreenworkerandneededalotoftraining.(
26、withoutexperience)cf.workeringreen13.Aliceboughtan“IloveSanDiego”T-shirtasasouvenirofhervisittothatcity.(giftorreminder)14.Motherwastall,fatandmiddle-aged.Theprincipaloftheschoolwasanoldwoman,almostasplumpasmother,butmuchshorter.15.SinceWalterdidno
27、texpectedtospeak,andhadpreparednothing,histalkwasanimpromptusone.(withoutpreparation)二构词法推测词义除了利用上下文线索推测词义外，利用构词法分析词义也是阅读过程中最常用的词义推论手法之一。相信很多同学都在使用如“星火”等词汇书，这些词汇书的基本编排手法都是根据词干词缀来的。但是如果只将词干词缀干巴巴的放一起，势必大家很难记住那么多的词干词缀。所以在阅读过程，遇到所有不熟悉的单词，大家首先可以考虑其单词构成，看他们类似于什么单词，再通过上下文推测其意义。当然，熟记常用的词干词缀
28、是很有必要的。通常情况下，前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。Forexample：stem:pay;prefix,repay,suffix,repayment词干词缀并不能完全准确的帮助你推敲出单词的准确意义，但总是能够帮你得出单词的大致意义，因此，阅读过程就不会因为你要停下来查词典而中断。下面列出一些四级考试中常见的词缀词根，需要熟记。鉴于词汇老师就这一部分有详细解释，阅读课堂里我们就不做深入探讨。Prefix:Co-,com,con-,col-,cor-syn-,sys-:together,withIn-,im-,:into,in,onIl-,
29、im-,il-,ir;dis;un-:notMacro-:biglarge;micro-,mini-:smallpre-:before,post-：afterante-:beforeRe-retro-:back,backward,behindSuper-:above;greaterthanultra-:beyond;hyper-:above,beyond;Circum-:aroundcontra-,anti-:againstinter-:between,intra-,intro-:withinTrans-:acro
30、sssub-,suc,sup-:under,behindNon-:nota-,an-:no,without,lacking;Mis:wrongly,badly,uni-,mono-:one,alone,bi-：two;poly，mullti-:many;Semi-:halftri-:threedec:tenDe-:downfrom;away;offStem：Audi-,audit-:hearchron-:time-dic-,-dict-:say,speakgram-,-graph-,scibe-,
31、-script-:writeMeter-:measurephone-:soundscop-,spect-,scope:see,lookat-duc-:lead-mit-,miss-:sendport-:carrysequ-:followtele:farAnthro-,anthrop-:manarch-:first,-gam-:marriage:polygamyMorph-:form-pathy-:feelings,sufferings-onym-:nameAuto-:selfbio-:lifecycle:circle
32、mort-:deathpsych-:mindCapit-:headgeo-:earthhydro-:watertherm-,thermo-:heat通过构词法推测词义还有很多其他情况，比如说，复合构词法(lifeline,deadline)，混合构词法（smog,motel,brunch）.等等，总之阅读过程当中遇到生词，第一反应绝对不能是翻开词典，而是通过多种途径先行猜测。下面我们来看看教材当中的一些实例。1.P2,passage3,line4-5,undisciplined,disorganized2.p6,passage3,lin
35、b:找出能够帮你确定句子内部关系的关键词；如;fromto,notonlybutalso,inorderto,insteadasaresult.,becauseofhowever等等。句子分析基本原则原则：先分析结构，后把握意思固定结构：如，固定搭配，固定句型语法：如，分析主谓，主谓宾，或句子做主语等标点符号：如，两个逗号，两个破择号先主干(主谓)，后分支(定语，补语，同位语等等)分支看得懂也不提前看，看不懂放弃下面大家看下列例句;1.Thestudentrevoltisnotonlyathorninthesideofthep
36、residentsnewlyestablishedgovernment,butithasinternationalinfluenceaswell.Whoorwhatdoesthisrevoltaffect(a)A.thestudentsB.ThesideofthepresidentsbodyC.OnlythenationalgovernmentD.nationalandinternationalaffairs.2.JohnthoughtMarywasnomorevirtuousthanintelligen
37、t.AccordingtoJohn，Marywas_.A.lessvirtuousthanintelligentB.intelligent,butnotvirtuousC.virtuousbutnotintelligentD.neithervirtuousnorintelligent了解了在这个句型后，大家把教材打开翻到p10,passage4line2-3.请大家分析下这句话的含义。1.Paulsparednothingtoentertainortreathisfriends.A.Paulprovidedlit
38、tleentertainmentforhisguests.B.Paulsguestswerenotwellentertained.C.NothingwaspreparedbyPaultoentertainhisguests.D.EverythingPaulcouldgetwasofferedtoentertainhisguests.2.Thejobismuchmorethanachildsplay.A.easyB.notaseasyasyoumightthinkC.topresentaplay
39、forchildrenD.togiveaplayforadults5.Heisnonethewiserafterbeingtaughtrepeatedlythesamelesson.A.HeneverlearnsB.HeisverywiseC.HepicksupthingsquicklyD.Hehaslearnedmanylessons上述句子当中都有一些特殊的习惯用法，语法结构，使得句子意义比较难懂。我们再来看看我们的教材当中的一些例子。1.P1,passage2,thelastline(no
40、t.but.结构)2.p2,passage3,line7-8,(morethan)3.p6,passage3,line1.(句意推论)4.p7,Passage4,line8.(否定词+比较级=最高级)5.p9,passage2,thelastline(隐含意义)这些课文实例告诉我们的无非是在阅读过程中对稍微复杂的句子我们如何推测其隐含意义，但这种推测有个前提，那就是我们首先要有一定的基本语法知识，尤其是基本句法知识，才能了解所谓的长句都是如何组成的。E.g1..p19.passage1,line4-7.典型长难句，分析结构E.g.2.p27，p
43、ply,suggest等等表示推理的题目）以及Whichofthefollowingstatementistrue/false/nottrue/except。凡是这类题，只要选项与原文一模一样，基本就是属于干扰项。重述往往对应事实细节题，推论往往解决判断推理题。下面大家看下列例句：e.g.1Heavysmokersanddrinkersrunafifteentimesgreaterriskofdevelopingcancerofthemouthandthroatthannon-smokersandnon-drinkers.A.
44、cancerofthemouthandthroatismorelikelytooccurinheavysmokersanddrinkersthaninnon-smokersandnon-drinkers.(restatement)B.Peoplewhoneversmokeordrinkwillnotgetmouthorthroatcancer.C.Heavydrinkerswhorunhaveagreaterriskofdevelopingcancerthannon-drinkers.D.People
45、wouldprobablybehealthieriftheydontdrinkorsmoke.(inference)e.g.2Thisorganizationmaysucceedwonderfullyatwhatitwantstodo,butwhatitwantstodomaynotbealthatimportant.A.Theorganizationmaysucceed.(inference)B.whattheorganizationwantsiswonderful.(false)C.theaut
46、horquestionstheaimoftheorganization.(inference)D.Althoughtheorganizationmayreachitsaim,theaimmightnotbeimportant.(restatement)e.g.3.Afavouritedefinitionofjokinghaslongbeentheabilitytofindsimilaritybetweendissimilarthings,thatis,hiddensimilarities.A.jokingis
47、theabilitytofindsimilarityindissimilarthings(restatement)B.thisdefinitionisanewone.C.manypeopledefinejokingastheabilitytofindsimilarityindissimilarthings.(inference)D.theauthoragreeswiththedefinition.(false)notgivene.g.4Heisnowsotiredthattowalkanothermile
48、isoutofthequestion.A.Heisabletowalkanothermile.(false)B.Heisunabletowalkanothermile.(inferenceorrestatement)C.Itsimpossibleforhimtowalkanothermile.(Restatement)D.itisprobablethathecanwalkanothermile.(False)e.g.5Hefailedintheexam,andnowheisstillint
50、于证据所做的合情合理的，有说服力的决定。做出正确判断分为三步：1.理解事实或证据；2.对事实证据进行评估；3.做出判断。举例:出门看到天上有云，带伞或不带伞。开车过程当中，加速还是减速。阅读实例:Newspapersdonotalwaysreportfactfairly.Forexample,anewspaperinasouthstatemaydevelopverylittlespacetoanitemonracialinjustice.ontheotherhand,anewspaperfromtheNortheast
51、mightgivewidecoveragetoraceproblemsinotherpartsofthenationandfailtoreportonlocalracialtroubles.Inthiswayreaderscanbemisled.Theymaybefooledintobelievingthatprejudiceisaregionalproblemandfailtorealizethatracismknowsnoboundaries.1.Thecarefulnewspaper
52、readershouldbeawarethat-A.mostnewsstoriescanbebelieved.B.Manynewspapersattemptstodeceivereaders.C.Governmentcontrolofthenewsindustryisneeded.D.Somenewspapersgiveonlyonesideofthestory.2.Thewrongnewsreportingdescribedintheparagraphis_.A.theexceptiontoge
53、neralpractice.B.Athreattofreedomofpress.C.Aninsulttojournalism.D.Dangerousandwidespread.3.Thereportingpoliciesofnewspapers_.A.reflecttheneedsofthecommunityB.shouldsupporttheviewsofthelocalreadersC.shouldbeunderthecontrolofthetaxpayersD.canbemadetoserve
54、privateinterests.4.underlinethesentencewhichstateswhatcanhappentoreaderswhosejudgementsarenotbasedonproperlyunderstoodfacts.课文实例：p10-11passage4,重点解析第五题看如何作出判断。P1,passge2,重点解析第一题的判断。第五、六节段落篇章阅读句子意义理解问题解决好了之后就是段落篇章的理解问题了，这也是我们阅读训练的最后攻坚阶段。篇章理解始于段落理解，只有各段都理解清楚之后才能有效理解全文。段落理解首先是要求我们理解段落大意，其次要求我们得出正确结论。其中还要求我们能够作出准确推论与判断。下面分述：一理解段落大意中心思想段落大意和中心思