当前正是酸奶产业蓬勃发展的时代。如果你对此有所怀疑的话,可以看看当地超市里的乳品区。首先,酸奶占据的位置很有可能比过去大了许多。你可能会看见各种声称来自希腊、澳大利亚、保加利亚,甚至冰岛的品牌。你不想喝牛奶做的酸奶吗?没问题,还有羊奶或椰汁制作的产品。你可以选择清心寡欲不加糖的希腊酸奶,它的酸度会让你龇牙咧嘴;或是选择可以饮用的液体酸奶;或是把它与肉桂点缀的蛋糕之类配在一起,享受一份甜点。从前那个只有少数酸奶品牌,在盒子底部有一些草莓、蓝莓或树莓的时代,已经一去不复返了。
去年,十大酸奶品牌中有九家的销售额出现了增长。在形势大好,其他品牌纷纷获利的情况下,哪个品牌反而低迷?是优诺酸奶。根据市场研究公司IRI的数据,该品牌去年的销售额同比下降23%,前一年也下滑了7%。优诺的跳水幅度之大,使得他们美国第一酸奶的桂冠也被希腊风格的新贵品牌乔巴尼摘走。【旗下拥有众多产品线的达能集团(Danone)如果把各产品线销售额相加,将会是业内第一。】实际上,优诺的惨败是现象级的,其影响甚至抵消了其他所有酸奶公司销售额的增长总量,导致美国酸奶产业的整体销售额下滑了2%。
对拥有优诺酸奶控股权的通用磨坊(GeneralMills)而言,较为含蓄的表达是,——这是个让人郁闷的消息。这家位于明尼阿波利斯的包装食品巨头旗下拥有脆谷乐(Cheerios)、Wheaties、HamburgerHelper、品食乐(Pillsbury)、OldElPaso和哈根达斯(Hagen-Dazs)等多个品牌。他们如今不仅需要努力应对消费者对于有包装的加工食品日益消退的欲望,甚至在其他品牌有所增长的领域,他们也表现挣扎。
优诺酸奶给通用磨坊贡献了18%的收入,尤其是再考虑到通用磨坊在汤类领域的弱势和绿巨人(GreenGiant)罐头业务的出售,优诺的麻烦足以左右通用磨坊的业绩。该公司的收入已经从2014年的179亿美元下滑到过去12个财报月的157亿美元。相比之下,业绩大体持平的谷物领域都能称得上公司的胜利了。
Theseareboomtimesintheyogurtbusiness.Ifyouhaveanydoubt,checkoutthedairysectionofyourlocalsupermarket.Forstarters,chancesareyogurtsoccupyamuchbiggerportionofitthantheyusedto.You’relikelytoseeanabundanceofbrandsclaimingheritagefromGreece,fromAustralia,fromBulgaria—evenfromIceland.Youpreferyourswithoutcow’smilkNoproblem.Thereareofferingsbasedonsheep’smilkorthejuiceofacoconut.YoucanchooseanasceticunsweetenedGreekyogurtthatmakesyougrimaceatitssourness,optforadrinkablestyle—orpickadessert-likeoptionthatletsyoumixin“cinnamon-glazedcakepieces,”tociteoneexample.Thedayswhentherewereonlyahandfulofbrands,eachwithstrawberry,blueberry,orraspberrypreservesatthebottom,arefarbehindus.
Lastyear,nineofthetop10yogurtbrandsenjoyedrisingsales.WhichonemanagedtosinkevenasarisingtideliftedalltheotherboatsYoplait.Itssaleshaveplunged23%overthepastyear,accordingtomarketresearcherIRI,aftera7%droptheprioryear.YoplaithasfallensomuchthatitscrownasthetopU.S.yogurtbrandwassnatchedbyupstartGreek-stylebrandChobani.(Danone,whichownsastableofvariedbrands,ranksNo.1whentheirsalesarecombined.)Indeed,Yoplait’sshipwreckwassoepicthatitseffectoverwhelmedthecombinedsalesincreasesforallotheryogurtcompanieslastyearandcausedthecategoryintheU.S.todeclineby2%.
Thisisdistressingnews,toputitmildly,forGeneralMills(gis,+0.85%),whichownsacontrollingstakeinYoplait.It’snotenoughthattheMinneapolis-basedpackagedfoodsgiant—whosebrandsincludeeverythingfromCheeriosandWheatiestoHamburgerHelper,fromPillsburytoOldElPasoandHagen-Dazs—hastocontendwithconsumers’decliningappetiteforpremadeitemsthatcomeinawrapperorabox.It’sstrugglingeveninthecategorywhereothersaregrowing.
At18%ofcompanyrevenues,Yoplaitisbigenough—particularly,whencombinedwithweaknessinthesoupsbusinessatGeneralMillsandthesaleofitsGreenGiantunit—foritstroublestoaffectGeneralMills’results.Revenueforthecompanyhastumbledfrom$17.9billionin2014to$15.7billionoverthepast12reportedmonths.Thefactthatthecompany’scerealbusinesshasbeenlargelyflatqualifiesasavictorybycomparison.
通用磨坊新当选的首席执行官杰弗里·L·哈蒙宁,他的任期将在2017年6月1日开始。|图片提供:通用磨坊
找出酸奶以及其他更多产业的新战略,这个重担落在了杰弗里·哈蒙宁的身上。这位在通用磨坊工作23年的老兵给人以坚忍不拔,广受喜爱的形象,他将在本月成为公司新任的首席执行官。现年50岁的哈蒙宁是公司的法定继承人,正在着手推行有序的转型。他的第一步就是成功收购了Annie’sHomegrown(该品牌以通心粉和奶酪闻名),推动了绿巨人罐头业务的出售。哈蒙宁被人们看作是有机和新鲜食品的支持者,他显然很了解通用磨坊面对的许多挑战。
不过解决它们就是另一个问题了。公司承认当乔巴尼在希腊酸奶上率先出击时,他们延误了战机。通用磨坊全球乳品创新部门的高级主管乔·莫伊德尔表示:“我们慢了一步,这不是什么秘密。”尽管他们努力追赶,不过迄今为止还没有产生什么效果。公司又一次承诺将推出新产品。然而过去十年的表现很难让人相信他们能在酸奶产业上取得突破。
与此同时,还有不祥的征兆隐隐浮现。巴西的私人股权投资公司3GCapital可能被视作“大食品”的死兆星。3G已经收购了卡夫(Kraft)和亨氏(Heinz),还对联合利华(Unilever)提出了报价,尽管计划最终流产。通用磨坊像一些竞争对手一样,正努力在其他人介入之前先一步成为“3G本身”。他们过去几年裁员10%,提高了几个百分比的利润,甚至采用了零基预算,这是标志性的3G举动。
不过采用3G的战术似乎分散了通用磨坊的注意力,他们没有专心采取需要的措施来增加酸奶的销量。这让公司陷入了一个窘境:尽力避免成为3G的目标,却让他们更容易被3G收购。
在美国,只有三家包装食品公司的收入高于通用磨坊:百事可乐(PepsiCo)、卡夫亨氏(KraftHeinz)和雀巢(Nestlé)。像那些根深蒂固的大公司一样,通用磨坊也有着漫长而间或辉煌的历史。他们的源头可以追溯到南北战争结束后的那一年,卡德瓦拉德·华斯本在明尼阿波利斯的密西西比河上游买下了一间磨坊。公司最具轰动性的产品是GoldMedal面粉,它如今依旧是同类产品中最为热销的一款。华斯本逝世之后过了几代,到了爵士乐时代,该公司与其他一些公司合并组成了通用磨坊。
在之后几十年里,公司推出了许多美国人如今仍然在吃的产品,包括Wheaties、脆谷乐和Bisquick。他们的外部公关团队塑造了贝蒂·克罗克的虚拟形象。这个形象推出了各种食谱(正好能够促销面粉),还曾在美国最著名女性投票中仅次于埃莉诺·罗斯福位列第二。之后,贝蒂·克罗克还成为了蛋糕粉的品牌名称。
就像许多值得尊敬的巨头一样,通用磨坊也遭遇过尴尬的多元化时期:他们曾经拥有过培乐多(Play-Doh)橡皮泥,创立过橄榄园(OliveGarden)连锁餐厅,甚至还建立了一个航空实验室,建立了第一艘探测“泰坦尼克号”的深海潜水艇。
在酸奶给通用磨坊带来苦恼之前,它曾是公司的盈利点。1977年,公司获得了优诺这家法国品牌的许可,开始销售其酸奶(几十年后,通用磨坊收购了该公司51%的股份)。当时标准的美国酸奶都是原味,只在盒底放有果酱,而优诺与众不同,销售的是两者混合的产品。
公司建立了一个确定的模式:酸奶市场似乎每五年或十年就会重新定义一次,而通用磨坊既不去引领潮流,也不会距离潮流足够近到可以追赶它。通用磨坊美国酸奶业务的主管大卫·克拉克表示:“这是一个不断重塑自我的领域。”不过他也补充道:“它的生命周期非常短。”
尽管知道这一点,通用磨坊还是对乔巴尼的到来措手不及。
不到十年,这位年轻的移民就让一群跨国巨头为之震动。乔巴尼给美国的酸奶制造和营销方式带来了革命性的变化。希腊酸奶比混合式酸奶更加浓醇、粘稠,看起来像是纯手工制作,处理工艺更少。乔巴尼和他的团队声称,这种酸奶比普通酸奶对健康更有益,它的钙、维生素D和蛋白质含量更高,糖的含量则更低。
乔巴尼出现得正是时候,其时,消费者正好开始反抗让包装食品公司取得巨大成功的法则。顾客开始抵制人工增甜剂和任何看起来像化学配方的添加剂,转而追求那些他们认识的配料。在数十年不计代价地逃离脂肪后,他们开始接受全脂产品。“健康”与“节食”不再是同义词。短短几年内,“节食”和“低脂”就开始让消费者觉得该产品在口味上有所牺牲,或是添加了他们不再想要的成分。
乔巴尼是一家拥有感人背景故事的小型初创公司,而不是跨国大企业,这也成为了加分项。乔巴尼的味道甚至品牌名听起来都显得很新鲜,而且最重要的是,他们很真实。零售商也喜欢这家初创公司,因为希腊酸奶的价格比其他酸奶更高。
突然之间,优诺和其他传承下来的大品牌发现自己陷入了劣势。去年夏天,通用磨坊当时的首席执行官肯·鲍威尔在一次演示中承认:“消费者越来越追求那些符合他们对真正食品定义的产品。具体说来,可能是含有更多蛋白质或纤维或全谷物的食品。”
在谷物领域,通用磨坊更改了配方,接纳了不断变化的饮食习惯。2008年,公司推出了无谷蛋白的RiceChex,并于2015年将这种类型推广到了脆谷乐和LuckyCharms上。许多产品取消了人造食品香料和色素,这是即将上任的首席执行官哈蒙宁支持的倡议。瑞士信贷(CreditSuisse)的分析师罗伯·莫斯科表示:“脆谷乐这个品牌是很好的例子,表明了通用磨坊即使没有领先一步,也紧跟了消费者思考的节奏。”
这些革新起到了效果。Euromonitor的数据显示,脆谷乐在2016年的销量有所提升。
不过类似的举动没有在酸奶领域引发反响。通用磨坊自2012年起,不再在优诺酸奶里添加高果糖谷物糖浆,2015年又减少了25%用糖量,还在优诺轻怡(YoplaitLight)中用蔗糖素取代了阿斯巴甜。不过等到公司进行改变的时候,乔巴尼和其他品牌已经打入了市场。
达能在应对新公司的崛起上,反应比优诺更快,采用了面面俱到的战略。达能酸奶业务,也就是如今的DanoneWave的主管塞尔吉奥·福斯特表示:“我们在市场上有着最多样化的产品组合。”除了原来的达能品牌和DannonLight&Fit品牌(避免了可怕的“节食”标签),达能还收购了有机食品品牌Stonyfield,推出了强调所谓健康益生菌的达能碧悠(Activia)。他们还创立了希腊风格的酸奶品牌Oikos。
2010年初,优诺试图用自己的新产品YoplaitGreek作为回应。不过它看起来不像是传统的希腊风格酸奶,也没有朗朗上口的希腊风格名字来证明其可靠性。YoplaitGreek遭遇了失败。
两年后,在酸奶市场蓬勃发展之际,优诺的销售额反而下滑了5%。因此通用磨坊再次出击,推出了Greek100产品。这款产品较之前者取得了更大的成功:第一年的销售额超过1.4亿美元,是优诺历史上最大卖的新品。这个成就值得跳一支佐巴风格的希腊西尔塔基舞(sirtaki)来庆祝,然而其销量很快就开始萎靡。
两年后,通用磨坊又尝试了不同的策略。他们宣称盲样测试显示,消费者喜欢YoplaitGreek甚于乔巴尼。优诺甚至在纽约的SoHo开设了一个品尝区,离乔巴尼的第一家酸奶咖啡店只有300英尺。你能够想象一家扮演大卫的初创公司以这种方式对扮演歌利亚的巨型企业发起挑战,而不是像这样反过来。
哎,然而他们的做法也没有取得效果。骏力资本(JanusCapital)的顾客资产研究分析师格雷格·库津斯基表示:“他们从来没有搞清楚怎样在市场上推出引人注目的产品。市场上已经有了乔巴尼和达能的优秀产品。他们从来没有突出重围。”
去年9月,通用磨坊又采取了新的举措,这次是参照了达能的战略:他们推出了两款新的酸奶品牌,都是有机酸奶,试图拓宽吸引的顾客群体。Annie’s系列产品面向儿童,而Liberté则面向成人。不过这两个品牌都没有赢得很好的销量。
如今,希腊风格的酸奶占据了美国酸奶总销售额的50%。乔巴尼在这个领域轻而易举拿到了第一,之后是Fage和Oikos。优诺的Greek100位列第四。乔巴尼认为,美国酸奶的总销售额会在五年内翻番,达到160亿美元。该公司的首席营销官彼得·麦吉尼斯表示:“这个领域还在发展初期。”去年,每三个美国人就有一个会食用希腊酸奶。乔巴尼也会经常遭遇困境,其中还包括一次大规模的产品召回,不过他们仍然有巨大的增长空间。
这种情况适用于整个行业。按照我们所能取得的最近数据,2015年,美国人均酸奶消费量是14.7磅。这比起1995年的6.1磅是巨大的提升,不过比起法国和西班牙的平均70磅,仍然有很大差距。
可饮用酸奶是当今最火热的新领域,而优诺在这方面尤其弱势。美国该领域去年的销售额增长14%,达到7.66亿美元,而用勺舀的固态酸奶则下滑了3.4%。液体酸奶DrinkChobani在去年一炮而红,也是唯一进入IRI年度新品标兵榜的酸奶产品。与此同时,乔巴尼还在Flip产品上取得了成功,它将酸奶与附加的糖类和酥脆的添加物如蜂蜜坚果等结合了起来,你可以把它们加进酸奶。该产品也成为了销售额达到3.5亿美元的生意。
那么通用磨坊的计划是什么?5月初宣布即将上任的首席执行官哈蒙宁对此仍旧保持着沉默。公司拒绝让他接受采访。
毋庸置疑,哈蒙宁将会和他的前任面临同样的盈利压力。分析师认为他的前任至少是导致优诺酸奶萎靡不振的原因之一。通用磨坊正在努力扩大利润,以避免被3G或潜在的激进投资者收购,因此他们对于折扣限制得很严。此举在利润上取得了想要的效果,不过也只会让酸奶的销售变得更加困难。
通用磨坊也在继续推出新的酸奶产品,例如YoplaitGreekWhips和希腊风格的酸奶小食杯YoplaitDippers。不过它们的表现都不够强劲到足以扭转公司低脂产品销售额的下滑。一家零售商表示,优诺的新产品“不温不火”。
另一个选择可能是进行并购。可惜的是,通用磨坊可能已经错过了一份具有吸引力的资产,据说它已经被另一家公司收购。为了让与Silk豆奶和其他产品的制造商WhiteWave的并购得到反垄断机构的许可,达能在3月同意出售有机酸奶品牌Stonyfield。Stonyfield年销售额大约为3.34亿美元,可以减少优诺酸奶的负担,帮助通用磨坊在快速发展的有机酸奶领域展开更加积极的攻势。通用磨坊据说对此感兴趣,不过《华尔街日报》(WallStreetJournal)5月17日报道称,墨西哥的GrupoLala成为了领先的投标者,双方的谈话有了深入的进展。
通用磨坊需要行动起来。他们的股价在去年下跌了9%,这还是在标普500指数整体攀升15%的情况下。显然,低股价是可能导致公司被收购的因素之一。
这让哈蒙宁和他的团队陷入了困境:公司是否需要专注于削减成本、提高利润等手段,从而阻止3G的收购?还是说他们应该投资希腊风格的酸奶进行反击,同时考虑降价,从而赢得市场份额?等到通用磨坊想清楚这些问题,或是哈蒙宁承认问题的时候,市场很可能已经开始了新一轮的酸奶热潮。(财富中文网)
译者:严匡正
本文登载于《财富》2017年6月1日版。
Thejobofspooningoutanewstrategyforyogurt—andmuchmore—fallstoJeffHarmening.A23-year-veteranofGeneralMillswhomanagestobeseenasbothtenaciousandwellliked,heisslatedtobecomethecompany’snewCEOthismonth.Harmening,50,whowasthecompany’sheirapparentandistakingoverinwhatappearstobeanorderlytransition,spearheadeditssuccessfulacquisitionoftheAnnie’sHomegrownbrand(bestknownforitsmacaroniandcheese),pushedforthesaleofGreenGiant,andisviewedasanadvocatefororganicandfresherfood.He’sclearlyawareofthemanychallengesfacingGeneralMills.
Solvingthemisadifferentmatter.ThecompanyacknowledgesittarriedwhenChobaniestablishedabeachheadforGreek-styleyogurt.“It’snosecretwewerelate,”saysJoeMoidl,seniordirectorofinnovationforglobaldairyatGeneralMills.Ithasbeentryingtocatchup,butthemoveshavebeenineffectualsofar.GeneralMillsisonceagainpromisingactionintheformofnewproducts.Butthecompany’spastdecadedoesn’tofferalotofreasonstoexpectayogurtbreakthrough.
Meanwhile,aspecterlooms.ItmightbeviewedastheDeathStarforBigFood:Brazilianprivateequityfirm3GCapital.IthasalreadyacquiredKraftandHeinzandmadeanabortedbidforUnilever.GeneralMills,likesomeofitsrivals,hasbeeninaraceto“3Gitself”beforesomebodyelsedoes.Thecompanyhaslaidoff10%ofitsemployeesoverthepastfewyearsandimproveditsprofitmarginsbyseveralpercentagepoints.Itevenadoptedzero-basedbudgeting,asignature3Gpractice.
Butimplementingthe3Gplaybookseemedtodistractthecompanyfromthestepsitneededtotaketoincreaseitsyogurtsales.ThatleavesGeneralMillsinaparadoxicalposition:Theverymovesitmadetofendoffthelikesof3Gmaymakeitmorevulnerabletosuchanacquisition.
OnlythreeconsumerpackagedgoodscompaniesgeneratemorerevenuethanGeneralMillsintheU.S.:PepsiCo(pep,+0.89%),KraftHeinz(khc,+1.00%),andNestlé.Likethosestalwarts,ithasalongandintermittentlyglorioushistory.GeneralMillstracesitsrootstotheyearaftertheCivilWarended,whenCadwalladerWashburnbuiltamillontheUpperMississippiRiverinMinneapolis.Hiscompany’sbiggesthitwouldbeGoldMedalflour,whichremainsthetopsellerinthecategorytoday.AfewgenerationsafterWashburn’sdeath,hisoperationcombinedwithothersduringtheRoaringTwentiestoformGeneralMills.
Inthedecadesthatfollowed,thecompanyintroducednumerousstaplesthatAmericansstilleattoday,includingWheaties,Cheerios,andBisquick.ItsoutsidePRteaminventedBettyCrocker,apersonawhodispensedrecipes(whichjusthappenedtocallforflour)andwhooncepolledbehindonlyEleanorRooseveltasthemostfamouswomaninAmerica.Itwasn’tuntillaterthatBettyCrockerwouldbecomeabrandofcakemix.
Likemorethanonevenerabletitan,GeneralMillswentthroughanawkwardconglomeratephase:ItonceownedPlay-Doh,startedtheOliveGardenrestaurantchain,andevenoperatedanaeronauticallabthatproducedthefirstdeep-seasubmarinetoexploretheTitanic.
Butbythemid-1990s,GeneralMillshadexitedthoseoffshootsandbecomesolelyafoodcompanyagain.Itcommittedfurthertotheindustryin2000whenitpaid$10.5billionforPillsbury—whichbuiltitsfirstmillacrosstheMississippifromtheoriginalWashburnoperationjustafewyearsafteritsrivalinthe1870s—torelylessontheslowlyebbingcerealbusiness.
BeforeyogurtbecameanafflictionforGeneralMills,itwasaboon.In1977itstartedsellingYoplait,aFrenchbrand,underlicense.(Decadeslater,GeneralMillsacquired51%ofthecompany.)UnlikethetypicalU.S.yogurtsatthetime,whichwereunflavored,withsweetjamatthebottomofthecontainer,Yoplaitsoldablendedproduct.
GeneralMillspitchedittoAmericansas“Yoplait—itisFrenchforyogurt,”asone’80sadputit.(ThenamewasactuallycoinedwhenFrenchdairycooperativesYolaandCoplaitmergedyearsearlier.)Nomatter.Babyboomersgorged,andthebrandhelpedpropelyogurtsalesfrom$600millionayearwellintothebillions.
Yoplait’smarketingfollowedeatingtrends,particularlyasdietproductsproliferated,andGeneralMillsunveiledasteadystreamofbrandextensions.Thebrandbegantargetingwomen,withoneadtoutingacustardstyleas“fat-freeandguilt-free.”Bytheturnofthecentury,YoplaitscoredamajorhitwhenitlaunchedGo-Gurt,yogurtinsqueezabletubesforkids.Bythispoint,YoplaithadtoppledtheDannonbrandandbecomethemarketleader.
Apatternhadestablisheditself:Yogurtseemedtoberedefinedeveryfiveor10years,andGeneralMillswaseitheraheadofthecurveorcloseenoughbehindittocatchup.“Itisacategoryofconstantreinventionofitself,”saysDavidClark,presidentofGeneralMills’U.S.yogurtbusiness.But,headds,“ithasaveryshortlifecycle.”
Despitethatknowledge,GeneralMillswascaughtunpreparedwhenChobaniarrived.
Adecadeago,Greek-styleyogurtmadeupjust1%ofsalesintheU.S.HamdiUlukayachangedthat.Atage22heemigratedfromTurkey,wherehegrewuponasheepfarm,toupstateNewYork.UlukayaeventuallyspottedanadvertisementforashutteredKraftFoodsplantthatwassellingfor$700,000and,in2005,tookoutasmall-businessloantoacquireit.Twoyearslater,thefirstChobaniyogurtappearedonastoreshelfinNewYorkState.
Withinlessthanadecade,theyoungimmigrantwouldshakeupagroupofmultinationalgiants.ChobanirevolutionizedhowyogurtismadeandmarketedinAmerica.Greekyogurtisricherandthicker—itseemsmoreartisanal,lessprocessed—thansmoothblendedstyles.Chobanianditsilkclaimmorehealthbenefitsthanregularyogurt:highlevelsofcalcium,vitaminD,andprotein—andlesssugar.
Chobanicameonthescenejustasconsumerswerebeginningtorevoltagainsttheprinciplesthathadmadepackagedgoodscompanieshugelysuccessful.Shoppersbeganrejectingartificialsweetenersandanythingthatlookedlikeachemicalformulation.Insteadtheycravedingredientstheycouldrecognize.Afterdecadesoffleeingfatatallcosts,theybeganembracingproductswithwholefat.“Healthy”wasnolongerasynonymfor“diet.”Withinamatterofyears“diet”or“light”wouldevokeacompromiseontasteoringredientsthatconsumersnolongerwantedtomake.
ItonlyhelpedthatChobaniwasatinystartupwithacompellingbackstoryratherthanamultinationalcorporation.Chobanitasted—andsounded—fresh,andmostofall,authentic.Retailerslovedtheupstart,too,becauseGreekyogurtcommandshigherpricesthantherestoftheindustry.
SuddenlyYoplaitandotherlegacybrandsfoundthemselvesonthedefensive.“Consumersareincreasinglyseekingproductsthatmatchtheirpersonaldefinitionofrealfood,”GeneralMills’then-CEOKenPowellacknowledgedinapresentationlastsummer.“Itcancometolifeinfoodsthathavemoreproteinorfiberorwholegrain.”
Thoserenovationsworked.SalesofCheeriosincreasedin2016,Euromonitordatashows.
Butsimilarmovessimplydidn’tresonateinyogurt.GeneralMillsremovedhigh-fructosecornsyrupfromYoplaitin2012,reducedsugarby25%in2015,andreplacedaspartamewithsucraloseinYoplaitLight.Andbythetimeitmadethosechanges,Chobaniandothershadmadeinroads.
Foritspart,Danonehandledthenewbie’srisebyrespondingfasterthanYoplaitandbyembracinganall-things-to-all-peoplestrategy.“Wehavethewidestportfoliointhemarket,”saysSergioFuster,chiefoftheyogurtbusinessforwhatisnowknownasDanoneWave.InadditiontoitsoriginalDannonbrandandDannonLight&Fitline(whichavoidedthedreaded“diet”label),DanoneboughtStonyfield,anorganicbrand,andlaunchedActivia,whichemphasizespurportedlyhealthyprobiotics.AnditcreatedaGreek-stylelinecalledOikos.
Acynicmightsaythatallittakesisalittlebitofcleverlabeling—aglobalfoodconglomerateslappingaGreek-lookingnameonanewbrand—tofoolconsumers.Andthere’satleastadollopoftruthinthat.Eitherway,Oikoshassucceeded.ItwasabrandpreviouslyheldundertheStonyfieldtrademarkbutrepurposedtobethecompany’sGreekoffering.Danonegaveitabigpushattherightmoment,makingitthefirstyogurttoadvertiseduringtheSuperBowl.Ithiredcelebrities,includingFullHousestarJohnStamosandNFLquarterbackCamNewton,toappearinads.
Yoplaittriedtoparrywithitsownnewbrand,YoplaitGreek,atthebeginningof2010.Butitdidn’tlookmuchliketraditionalGreek-styleyogurt,andtherewasnocatchyethnicnametoconjureauthenticity.YoplaitGreekflopped.
Twoyearslater,withYoplait’ssalessliding5%amidasurgingyogurtmarket,GeneralMillstriedagain,addingasecondentrycalledGreek100.Thisversionwasabiggersuccess:First-yearsalessurpassed$140million,thebiggestlaunchinYoplaithistory.ThatwasworthdancingaZorba-stylesirtakiover—untilthosesalessoonbegantosag.
“It’sstillveryearlydaysfortheU.S.Greekyogurtsegment,andwefullyexpecttoearnourfairshareofthissegmentovertime,”vowedGeneralMillsexecutiveBeckyO’Gradyduringthecompany’sinvestordaypresentationin2012.
Twoyearslater,GeneralMillstriedadifferenttack.ItbeganclaimingthatblindtastetestsprovedthatcustomerspreferredYoplaitGreektoChobani.Yoplaitevenopenedapop-up“tasteoff”spaceinNewYork’sSoHo,just300feetawayfromChobani’sfirstyogurtcafé.Itwasthekindofslingshotyou’dimagineanupstartDavidaimingatacorporateGoliath,ratherthanviceversa.
Alas,thestonemisseditstarget.“Theyneverfiguredouthowtobringacompellingoffertothemarket,”saysGregKuczynski,aconsumerequityresearchanalystatJanusCapital.“You’vealreadygotstrongofferingsfromChobaniandDannon.Theyneverbrokethroughthenoise.”
LastSeptember,GeneralMillsmadeyetanothermove,thisoneoutoftheDanoneplaybook:Itlaunchedtwonewyogurtbrands,bothorganic,inanattempttobroadenitsappeal.TheAnnie’slineistargetedatchildren;theLibertébrandisaimedatgrownups.Neitherhasregisteredsignificantsales.
Today,Greekstylesmakeup50%ofU.S.yogurtsales.ChobaniiseasilyNo.1inthatgrouping,followedbyFageandOikos.Yoplait’sGreek100ranksfourth.Chobanithinksoverallyogurtsalescoulddoubleto$16billionwithinfiveyears.“Thiscategoryisinitsinfancy,”saysitsCMO,PeterMcGuinness.JustoneofeverythreeAmericansateaGreekyogurtinthepastyear.Hiscompany,whichhasn’tbeenimmunetotheoccasionalstumble,includingasignificantrecall,stillhasplentyofroomforgrowth.
Thatpointextendstotheindustryoverall.U.S.percapitayogurtconsumptionwas14.7poundsin2015,themostrecentyearforwhichdataisavailable.That’sabigjumpfrom6.1poundsin1995—butfarbelowthe70-poundaveragefornationslikeFranceandSpain.
Drinkableyogurt—anareainwhichYoplaitisparticularlyweak—hasbeenthehottestareaoflate.Itregistereda14%increase,toreach$766millioninsaleslastyear,whilespoonableyogurtdribbleddownby3.4%.AliquidproductcalledDrinkChobanibecameahitlastyear,theonlynewyogurttomakeresearchfirmIRI’sannualnew-productpacesetterslist.Meanwhile,ChobaniisalsofindingsuccesswithitsFlipproducts,whichcombineyogurtwithanattachedpouchofsugary,crunchyextraslikehoney-coverednutsthatyoucan“flip”intotheyogurt.Ithasgrowntobecomea$350millionbusiness.
Sowhat’stheplanforGeneralMillsHarmening,whosepromotiontoCEOwasannouncedinearlyMay,hasbeenmumsofar.Thecompanydeclinedtomakehimavailableforaninterview.
Needlesstosay,he’llfacethesameprofitpressuresashispredecessor,atleastoneofwhichanalystsviewascontributingtoYoplait’syogurtproblems.InGeneralMills’questforimprovedprofitmarginstoplacate3Gorapotentialactivistinvestor,ithasclampeddownondiscounting.Thathashadtheintendedeffectofboostingmargins,butonlymadeithardertomoveitsyogurt.
GeneralMillshascontinuedtolaunchnewyogurtproducts,likeYoplaitGreekWhipsandtheGreek-styleyogurtsnackcupsYoplaitDippers.Noneofthesetwistshavebeenstrongenoughtooffsetthetumblingsalesforthecompany’slightproducts.OneretailercallsYoplait’slatestproducts“notatotalswingandamiss.”
Meanwhile,thecompanyhasbeentryingtobuildanticipationforabiggerlaunchthissummer.Ittoutedthenewsonanearningscallbutdeclinedtoprovidedetails.Here’swhatHarmeninghadtosayaboutitatanindustryconferenceafewmonthsbeforehewasnamedCEO:“We’reseeingconsumersexpandingoutfromGreektomoresimple,better-tastingyogurtsthatfeelmorecraftedandartisanal.Wecallthisemergingsegment‘simplybetter,’andthissummerwe’relaunchinganinnovativenewlineinthissegmentthatleveragesourFrenchheritageandglobalexpertisetobringanentirelynewyogurttasteandtexturetotheU.S.market.”
Harmening’scommentscertainlydemonstratehisabilitytodeploypositive-soundingCEOrhetoric.Hetickedoffalmosteverybuzzwordinthefoodbusinesstoday.Butit’swellnighimpossibletodiscernwhattheproducthe’sdescribingwillactuallybelike.Intheory,itcouldbeagamechanger.ButwhatitlargelysoundslikeisabunchofBigFoodscientists,experts,andexecutivessittinginaroomandtryingtoconceivethenextbigthing.
Anotheroptionmightbetomakeanacquisition.Alas,GeneralMillsmaybemissingoutonattractiveasset,whichisreportedlyabouttobescoopedupbyanothercompany.TogainantitrustapprovalofitsrecentlycompleteddealtomergewithWhiteWave,whichmakesSilksoymilkandotherproducts,DanoneagreedinMarchtosellorganicStonyfieldyogurt.Withanestimated$334millioninannualsales,StonyfieldcouldreducetheburdenonYoplaitandhelpGeneralMillscompetemoreaggressivelyinthefast-growingorganiccategory.Thecompanywasrumoredtobeinterested,butonMay17,theWallStreetJournalreportedthatMexico’sGrupoLalahademergedastheleadbidderandthattalkswereatanadvancedstage.
GeneralMillsneedstoact.Itsshareshaveslumpedby9%overthepastyear,evenastheS&P500chuggedupby15%.Alowstockprice,ofcourse,isonethingthatcanmakeacompanyvulnerabletoatakeover.
ThatpresentsHarmeningandhisteamwithaquandary:Doesthecompanyfocusoncuttingcosts,boostingmargins,andotherwiseplayingdefensetokeep3GatbayOrdoesitinvestinaGreekcounteroffensiveandconsidercuttingsomepricestowinbackmarketshareBythetimeGeneralMillsfiguresitallout,asevenHarmeningobliquelyacknowledged,it’slikelythemarketwillhavemovedontoanewyogurttrend.
AversionofthisarticleappearsintheJune1,2017issueofFortune.