在历年高考英语中,阅读理解部分所占分值最大;阅读若能拿满分,英语基本上也就稳了。2020年新高考改革后阅读理解题分值有所变化,ABC三篇阅读理解共10道题,每题2.5分,共25分。较之前的考题减少五分,但单个题目的分值增大,由原来的2分,增加为现在的2.5分。可见提高阅读理解正确率的重要性。那么如何提高正确率?高考英语阅读理解题型是怎样的?答题的技巧和方法有哪些呢?请认真读完下文。
高考英语阅读理解题型一般包括:细节理解、词义猜测、推理判断、主旨大意、观点态度等。本文将按照上述题型,通过历年高考英语真题实例,分类为各位讲解如何攻克阅读理解,拿到满分。
一、细节理解题
【设问形式】
常用who,what,which,when,where,why和how提问,或判断正误,即是非判断题。如下:
(1)Whichofthefollowingistrue/NOTtrueinthepassage
(2)WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTdiscussed/mentionedinthepassage
(3)Whichistherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage
(4)AllthefollowingstatementsareNOTtrueexcept_______.
(5)Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage
【例题一】
ForCanaanelementarysecondgradeinPatchogue,N.Y.,todayisspeechday,andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes,heseemsliketheofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.
Buthe’s,nervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould…should…”Christripsonthe“-ld,”a.pronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.“…Votefor…me…”Exceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.
24.WhatmadeChrisnervous
A.Tellingastory.B.Makingaspeech.
C.Takingatest.D.Answeringaquestion.
解析:这是一道典型的细节理解题。通过题目中的nervous,定位到原文:文中第二段第一句话Buthe'snervous。以及第一段中:todayisspeechday,andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.以及第二段中apronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.可知:他是英语为非母语的演讲者,公众英文演讲感到紧张。故此题选B。
二、词义猜测题
在高考英语阅读理解中,词句猜测题是一类很重要的题型,主要考查学生的猜测能力和判断能力。词句猜测题包括:词义猜测、代词指代和句意猜测题。解题过程中,考生会遇到两个障碍:一是单词都认识却不知道句意;二是单词完全陌生,出现理解困难或理解偏差,影响阅读效率。这就要求学生要树立起context(语境)观念,从上下文着手”顺藤摸瓜”。
(1)Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword...inparagraph...
(2)Theunderlinedword“...”means____
(3)Theword“...”refersto_____
(4)Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“...”standsfor
【解题思路】
(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测;根据同位关系进行猜测;根据构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)进行猜测;根据同义词、反义词猜测;根据转折或对比关系等来猜测。
(2)代词指代题:首先从宏观上充分把握代词(it,them,those等)指代所在的段落或前文表达的含义;其次,从微观入手抓住关键词,理顺逻辑关系,从而推断代词指代的内容。
29.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inParagraph1?
A.providerB.deliverymanC.collectorD.medicaldoctor
解析:本题可以根据上下文解释进行猜测。根据划线词courier所在处后面的内容I’vedone89trips和Ihave42hourstocarrystemcellsinmylittlebox可知:作者已经进行了89次远行;作者还有42小时运送小箱子里的干细胞。由此推断作者是运送干细胞的人,也就是deliveryman。本题原文中的trip(旅行),carry(随身携带)是推理courier的关键词。答案A.provider为供应者;B.deliveryman送货员;C.collector收藏者;D.medicaldoctor医师;故选B。
【例题二】
25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stumbles”inparagraph2referto
A.ImproperpausesB.BadmannersC.SpellingmistakesD.Sillyjokes
解析:首先定位stumbles,找到Exceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell(除去一些…,他做得非常到位),遵循词不离句的原则,找到前一句Buthe’s,nervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould…should…”Christripsonthe“-ld,”说明Chirs演讲时时nervous(紧张的),说话的内容中should连续两个词重复,关键的动词trip原意为“绊倒”,此处隐身为“说话结巴”。选项中A.Improperpauses不恰当的停顿;B.Badmanners不礼貌;C.Spellingmistakes拼写错误;D.Sillyjokes愚蠢的笑话,很明显,说话结巴,磕磕绊绊不顺畅,即为不恰当的停顿。所以答案为A。
三、推理判断题
(1)Itcanbeinferred/impliedfromthetextthat_______.
(2)Whatdoweknowabout...
(3)Wecaninferfrom...that_____.
(4)Whatdoestheauthormeanthat...
YouprobablyknowwhoMarieCuriewas,butyoumaynothaveheardofRachelCarson.Oftheoutstandingladieslistedbelow,whodoyouthinkwasthemostimportantwomanofthepast100years
JaneAddams(1860-1935)
AnyonewhohaseverbeenhelpedbyasocialworkerhasJaneAddamstothank.Addamshelpedthepoorandworkedforpeace.Sheencouragedasenseofcommunity(社区)bycreatingsheltersandpromotingeducationandservicesforpeopleinneed.In1931,AddamsbecamethefirstAmericanwomantowintheNobelPeacePrize.
RachelCarson(1907-1964)
Ifitweren’tforRachelCarson,theenvironmentalmovementmightnotexisttoday.Herpopular1962bookSilentSpringraisedawarenessofthedangersofpollutionandtheharmfuleffectsofchemicals>SandraDayO’Connor(1930-present)
WhenSandraDayO’ConnorfinishedthirdinherclassatStanfordLawSchool,in1952,shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman.ShebecameanArizonastatesenator(参议员)and,in1981,thefirstwomantojointheU.S.SupremeCourt.O’Connorgavethedecidingvoteinmanyimportantcasesduringher24years>RosaParks(1913-2005)
24.Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext
A.Theyarehighlyeducated.B.Theyaretrulycreative.
C.Theyarepioneers.D.Theyarepeace-lovers.
Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildren(夸耀)aboutthemselves.
26.WecaninferthatthepurposeofWhaley’sprojectisto_________.
A.helpstudentsseetheirownstrengths
B.assessstudents’publicspeakingskills
C.preparestudentsfortheirfuturejobs
D.inspirestudents’loveforpolitics
四、主旨大意题
【设问方式】
1.【标题归纳题】常见设问形式:
(1)Whatmay/canbethebesttitleforthetext
(2)Thebesttitleforthetextwouldbe______.
(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext
(4)Whatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthetext
....
2.【主题归纳题】常见的设问形式:
(1)Themainideaofthepassageis…
(2)Thepassageismainlyabout…
(3)Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage
(4)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout
A.【主题归纳题】解题思路:
主题句在开头:先提出观点,再举例论证或细节解释观点;
主题句在末尾:先表述细节或举例,再归纳结论或结果;
主题句在中间:开头先介绍背景或细节,中间综合或概括出主题,后面再用具体的事实进一步说明或发展前面的主题;
主题句首尾呼应:开头点出主题,中间加以解释,末尾再次强调主题或对前面的事实做出进一步的概括,虽然前后主题中心思想一致,但表述不尽相同;
无主题句:注意反复出现的关键词,再进行归纳总结。
B.【标题归纳题】解题思路:
Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwassillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,smalltightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps1200languagesbetweenthem.
Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialization,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalizationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.
Atpresent,theworldhasabout6800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehas>中位数)ofspeakersisamere6000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.
31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext
A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.
B.People’slifestylesarereflectedinfewerlanguages.
C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.
D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.
Someoftheworld’smostfamousmusiciansrecentlygatheredinParisandNewOrleanstocelebratethefirstannualInternationalJazzDay.UNESCO(UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization)recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying(联合)voiceacrosscultures.
Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.
It’sJasonMoran’sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter’sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.
“Jazzseemslikeit’snotreallyapartoftheAmericanappetite,”MorantellsNationalPublicRadio’sreporterNealConan.“WhatI’mhopingtoaccomplishisthatmygenerationandyoungerstarttoreconsiderandunderstandthatjazzisnotblackandwriteanymore.It’sactuallycolor,andit’sactuallydigital.”
Moransaysoneoftheproblemswithjazztodayisthattheentertainmentaspectofthemusichasbeenlost.“Themusiccan’tbepresentedtodaythewayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethewaytheworldworksisnotthesame,”saysMoran.
31.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext
A.ExploringtheFutureofjazz.
B.TheRiseandFallofjazz.
C.TheStoryofajazzMusician.
D.CelebratingtheJazzDay.
五、观点态度题
高考阅读理解中观点态度题是常见题型。考查学生把握作者及文中人物的态度、思想倾向。对某一观点是支持还是反对或对某一观点持积极态度还是消极态度;对文中提及的人或事等是褒扬、同情、漠不关心还是厌恶憎恨等。考生需要抓住原文中能体现情感态度的修饰词去推理作者及文中人物的态度和思想倾向。
(1)What’sthewriter’sattitudeto…
(2)What’sthetoneofthepassage
(3)Theauthor’sviewis_______
(4)Thewriter’sattitudeof.thispassageisapparently_________
(5)Theauthor’sopinioncouldbebestdescribedas_________
(6)WhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbeLEAST/MOSTlikelytoagreewith
(7)Whichofthefollowingstatementsindicatestheauthor’sattitudetoward____
(1)表客观的词:objective,impartial(公正的),neutral(中立的),disinterested(无私的),unbiased(没有偏见的),unprejudiced(无偏见的),factual(事实的,实际的),informative(提供信息的)
(2)表主观偏见的词:subjective主观的,prejudiced,biased,partial(偏见的)
(3)表漠不关心的词:Indifferent,uninterested,carefree,unconcerned(漠不关心的)
(4)表困惑迷茫的词:confused,perplexed,puzzled(困惑的),ambiguous(模棱两可的)
(5)表态度较深的词:enthusiastic,strong,completely,radical(激进的)
(6)表态度谨慎的词:preserved,qualified,tempered,guarded(有保留的,谨慎的)
(7)表态度积极的词:positive(肯定的,积极的),favorable(赞成的、有利的),consent(赞成、同意)supportive(支持的),defensive(辩护的),optimistic(乐观的),confident(自信的),respectful(尊敬的),approval(赞成、承认),sympathetic(同情的),humorous(幽默的),sober(清醒的)
(8)表消极意义的词:negative(否定的、消极的),critical(批评的),sarcastic(讽刺的),worried(焦虑的),pessimistic(悲观的),apprehensive(忧虑的),opposed(反对的),suspicious(怀疑的)doubtful(可疑的),ironic(说反话的、讽刺的),disapproval(不赞成)objection(反对、不赞成)opposition(反对),criticism(批评,批判),indignant(气愤的)。
(1)可能是考生自己的某种观点;
(2)社会普遍的一种倾向,文中没有信息支持;
(3)与本文无关或与作者相反的观点等;
(4)注意区分作者态度与引用别人的态度。
Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.
Graywolves>Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsourcesforthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.
Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.
31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject
A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.
解析:该题为观点态度题。由最后一段最后一句TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell意为:黄石引狼工程是一项有价值的实验,它可以帮助生物学家决定是否将狼重新引入美国其他地区。作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验,因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。期中valuable是关键词,故选B项。
课成介绍
名师介绍
王文超,中国党员,英语专业文学硕士,英语专业八级,十三年教龄,有丰富的高中和大学英语教学经验;课成·课外课培优超级名师、云课成网红超级名师、课成考试研究院高级研究员;大型优质在线教育平台特聘高级讲师;曾任教于山东某高中,担任英语教研组负责人;曾获市级优质课评比一等奖,曾获市级中学青年教师公开课一等奖,多次获得优秀班主任奖和优秀辅导教师奖;参加省级教学研究重点课题(《新课标背景下高中英语反思性教学分析和研究》)获得省级优秀奖,教学和科研成果显著;对高考英语、专升本英语、四六级英语、专四英语考试有深入研究,指导数万考生成功获得高考、专升本、四六级、专四考试高分;熟知各年级学员症结所在,量体裁衣式教学,全面讲授考试技巧和备考策略;在多年的教育教学生涯中,研发了适合不同层次学生需要的专用教材,助力参加春季高考、夏季高考、保送考试、专升本考试以及四六级考试的学生取得优异成绩。编著《高考高频词汇精析》、《专升本英语核心词汇一本通》,《大学英语阅读理解精析》等;授课风格:亲切自然,激趣引思,深入浅出,注重培养学生自学能力。教学感言:勤学深思方有成。