细胞外囊泡(EVs)是包裹在脂膜中的纳米大小的囊泡,几乎所有类型的细胞都能释放。EVs具有运输生物分子进行细胞间通讯的生理功能,被认为是诊断和有效药物载体的有价值的生物标志物。
Firstpublishedon3rdMay2023
YunHe
YunHeiscurrentlyamaster'sstudentmajoringinclinicaldiagnosticsinHainanMedicalUniversity.Hereceivedhisbachelor'sdegreeinclinicalmedicinefromNanchangUniversityin2021.Hiscurrentresearchfocusesonthefluorescence-baseddetectionofextracellularvesiclesforaccuratediagnosisofvariousdiseases.
YanlongXing
YanlongXingreceivedherPhDdegreefromTechnicalUniversityofBerlin(Jan2017)andwasadoctoralresearcherintheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnology(2013–2015)andPostdoctoralResearchFellowinISASBerlin(2017–2018).SheisnowanassociateprofessoratHainanMedicalUniversity.Hercurrentresearchfocusesonextracellularvesicle-basedliquidbiopsyandmicrofluidic-assisteddetectionofbiomoleculesusingfluorescenceandRamanmicroscopy.
TongmengJiang
TongmengJiangreceivedhisPhDdegreeinSurgeryfromGuangxiMedicalUniversityin2018.AfterfinishinghispostdocattheSchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,ZhejiangUniversity,hejoinedHainanMedicalUniversityasanassociateprofessorinJune2022.Hisresearchfocusesontissueregeneration,translationalmedicine,imaging,oncology,andrelatedchemistryandengineering.
JuanWang
JuanWangreceivedherPhDinbiomedicalengineeringforTongjiUniversityin2019.Currently,sheisanassociateprofessorintheCollegeofBasicMedicineandLifeSciencesatHainanMedicalUniversity.Herresearchfocusesontheresearchofstemcelltreatmenttechnology.
ShenggangSang
ShenggangSangreceivedhisMSdegreefromLanzhouUniversityinJune2007andhasbeenworkingattheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofHainanMedicalUniversitysinceSeptember2007.HewasawardedHainanLeadingTalentandNanhaiTalent.Hehaspublished10professionalbooksandmorethan30researcharticles.Hisresearchfocusesontheapplicationofimmunecellsintheclinicaltherapyofdiseases.
HongRong
HongRongreceivedherbachelor'sdegreefromHainanMedicalUniversityinclinicalnursing.Shehasgained15years’experienceinclinicalnursingpracticeatthePeople'sHospitalofHezebeforejoiningtheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofHainanMedicalUniversityin2008.Sheisnowworkingasaseniornurseandparticipatesintheclinicaltrialprogramsoftheuniversity.Shehasworkedasamainparticipantinseveralnationalandprovincialresearchprojects.
FabiaoYu
Prof.FabiaoYureceivedhisPhDdegreefromDalianUniversityofTechnologyandDalianInstituteofChemicalPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciencesin2013.Afterfouryears’workatYantaiInstituteofCoastalZoneResearch,ChineseAcademyofSciences,asanassociateprofessor,hejoinedHainanMedicalUniversityfrom2018asafullprofessor.Hisresearchinterestsfocusonmoleculardiagnosisoftropicaldisease,multi-modalvisualsurgerynavigation,andpoint-of-caretesting(POCT)technology.
为了研究EV的生物学特性,人们已经建立了众多有效的标记策略用于其研究,其中荧光标记由于能够在体内外高灵敏度地可视化纳米级囊泡而发挥了强大的作用。一方面,在功能荧光标记的帮助下,EVs可以通过各种分析技术在体外进行区分和分类,这在疾病的诊断、预后和治疗监测中发挥着重要作用。另一方面,新型的EVs报告分子已被用于可视化EVs,结合强大的显微镜技术,为在合适的动物模型中研究EVs释放和细胞间通讯的动态事件提供了极具潜力的工具。
为了实现EVs的高分辨率成像,有效的标记策略是使其能够在亚细胞水平上可视化不可或缺的技术。根据荧光报告分子与EVs结合的方式,通常可分为直接荧光标记法和间接荧光标记法(图2)。前者主要是通过与抗体/适配子结合或生物正交引入荧光标记来进行体外分析。后者直接标记EVs主要是用于体内分析。各种成像技术与创新的标记策略相结合,为在单囊泡水平上研究EVs的生物学提供了极好的工具。
Fluorescencelabelingtechnologyhasmatured,enablingresearcherstogaindeepinsightsintotheEVpropertiesinvitroandinvivo,withtheassistanceofadvancedmicroscopytechniques.VariousfluorescentprobesprovidenovelmethodstoinvestigatethepropertiesofEVanditssubpopulations.InvitrotechnologiescanbeutilizedforthequalitativeandquantitativeanalysisofEVswithenoughresolutionandsensitivity,thus,promotingthediscoveryofEV-relatedbiomarkersandfacilitatingliquidbiopsyofdiagnosingvariousdiseasesincludingcancer.TheinvivobiodistributionofEVsprovidesnotonlytherolesofcell–cellcommunication,butalsomoredetailedinformationintotheirbiogenesis,trafficking,andsecretioninthebiologicalmilieu.KnowingtheEVbehaviourinvivo,includingthebiogenesis,organdistributionalsoprovidesevidenceformonitoringinnateindicatorsofpathologicalandphysiologicalprocesses,andpromotesthebiomedicalapplicationsuchasmarkersfordiagnosisandprognosis,andtherapeutictargets.
TorevealthediversebiomedicalapplicationinvitroandEVbiologyinvivo,severalcriticalpointsneedtobetakenintoconsiderationinthefuture.Firstly,advancedsingleEVanalysistechniquesarehighlydemandedtodisclosetheheterogeneityofdifferentEVsubpopulations.TheprogressinsingleEVanalysiscouldnotonlypromotetheunderstandingofEVbiology,butalsoimprovebiomedicalapplicationofEVsasbiomarkersforpromisingdiseasediagnosis.Secondly,forEVbiologyinvestigation,theEVbiologyinbacteriaandpathogensneedtobefurtherinvestigatedandcomparedwiththatinlivingcellsandvariousorganismmodels.Inparticular,howbacteriaandpathogensaffectthediseasestateoforganismsthroughreleasedEVsneedtobestudied.Thirdly,althoughseveralpointshavebeenrevealedinvesicle–cellcommunication,completeunderliningthemolecularmechanismsthatregulateEVfunctionremainchallenging.