屈米法国拉·维莱特公园|Tschumi'sParcdelaVillette.ImageCourtesyofTheArchitecturalReview
WhatisDeconstructivism
“解构主义”一词在词典里并没有明确的定义,其字面意思为将某个构筑物或建筑物打破或拆除,其中既代表了结构因素,同时也代表了某种思潮。而也正是因为这样的原因,解构主义运动常常被人所误解。
实际上,解构主义并不是一种全新的建筑风格,也不是反对建筑或社会的先锋运动,它并不遵循既定的规则和美学理念,同时也不为社会环境所困扰。因此它表达了形式和体量的无限可能。
在一战期间,俄罗斯构成主义推崇者打破了古典建筑的既定规则,通过重新组织,构思了一系列的“反常态”设计作品。他们的批判观念和作品实验形态打破了人们对传统建筑的观念,同时也打开了一扇通向新世界的大门,让人们充分地感受到建筑及空间的更多可能性。战争结束之后,俄国了经历了巨大的历史变革,而这些变革对建筑同样产生了巨大的影响。在当时,建筑艺术能够影响整个社会,因此社会革命几乎等同于建筑革命。无论是艺术作品还是建筑作品,几何空间都变得不再规矩,塔特林于1919年设计的第三国际纪念碑便是通过体量扭曲而成。同时,AleksandrRodchenko为某电台而设计的实验性空间也运用了多重不规则几何形态。但是,这些激进的构成空间并非主流,只是一些令人脑洞大开的概念与策略,但同时也留有继续开发的余地。
在当时俄国构成主义流行之时,现代运动也开始发展。在这两种运动期间,人们明显更倾向于现代主义。世界大战结束之后,人们对于稳定、完整的空间结构有着迫切的追求,因此俄国构成主义在此时败下阵来。在当时的作品中,各项装饰都被清除,只留下干净、优雅、简约的功能空间。
Ifwedefine“deconstructivism”(althoughitisnotaverifiedwordinthedictionary),itliterallytranslatestothebreakingdown,ordemolishingofaconstructedstructure,whetheritbeingforstructuralreasonsorjustanactofrebellion.ItisperhapsforthisthisreasonthatmanymisunderstandtheDeconstructivistmovement.
Deconstructivismis,infact,notanewarchitecturestyle,norisitanavant-gardemovementagainstarchitectureorsociety.Itdoesnotfollow“rules”oracquirespecificaesthetics,norisitarebellionagainstasocialdilemma.Itistheunleashingofinfinitepossibilitiesofplayingaroundwithformsandvolumes.
InparalleltotheRussianConstructivistmovement,theModernMovementwaspavingitsway.PerhapsitwasthetimingofbothmovementsthatforcedpeopletoblindlychooseModernism.TheWorldWarhasjustendedandpeopleweredesperateforthestabilityandrefinementtheysomissed;RussianConstructivismdidn’tstandachance.Ornamentationwasstrippedoff,onlytoleavepeoplewithclean-cut,elegantyetnakedfunctionality.
泰特林之塔|TatlinTower.ImageCourtesyofFlickrUserAndyRobertsunderCCby2.0
相较于俄国构成主义和现代主义,解构主义又代表着什么?
WhatisDeconstructivismwithrespecttoRussianConstructivismandModernism
CourtesyofElizabethWGarber
VillaSavoyeLeCorbusier
而1988年,菲利普·约翰逊(PhilipJohnson)和马克·威格利(MarkWigley)在纽约现代艺术博物馆举办了解构主义作品展览,期间展出了扎哈·哈迪德(ZahaHadid)、彼得·艾森曼(PeterEisenman)、丹尼尔·里伯斯金(DanielLibeskind)等大师的作品,回顾当时,解构主义还并非一种运动或风格流派,约翰逊和威格利只是希望将这些有着同样设计手法的作品集合在一起共同展出。
Misconceptionssurroundingdeconstructivismmaybetheresultoftheterminologyitself.Thewordtranslatestotheactofdemolishing,ortearingapartanexistingstructure,implyinganactofrebellion.Deconstructivismwasnotreallyanimpactfularchitecturemovementoranartisticstylethattooktheworldbystormandalteredarchitectureasweknowit.ItwasamélangeofRussianConstructivismandModernism,withalittlebitofinfluencefromPost-modernism,ism,andCubism.
Thetermfirstappearedinthe1980’s,asanideadevelopedbyFrenchphilosopherJacquesDerrida.Derrida,afriendofPeterEisenman,developedtheideaoffragmentingabuildingandexploringtheasymmetryofgeometry(inspiredbyRussianConstructivism),whilemaintainingthecorefunctionalityofthespace(inspiredbyModernism).Thepublicfirstnoticedthedeconstructivistmovementinthe1980’sduringtheParcdelaVillettecompetition,thankstothewinningentrybyBernardTschumi,aswellasDerrida’sandEisenman’sdesignentry.
ThestylegainedmoreattentionduringMOMA’s1988DeconstructivistArchitectureexhibition,organizedbyPhilipJohnsonandMarkWigley,whichfeaturedworksdonebyZahaHadid,PeterEisenman,DanielLibeskind,amongstmanyothers.Backthen,DeconstructivismwasnotconsideredanestablishedmovementorastylesuchasCubismorModernism.JohnsonandWigleysawthesimilaritiesinthearchitects’approachtodesign,andcombinedthemunderoneroof.
彼得·艾森曼|PeterEisenman.ImageChrisWiley
“展览中的作品都很有意义,它们有着不拘一格的空间形式,这样的手法打破了人们对于形式的常规理念,从而让这些项目变得‘解构’。这次展览也是一种检验,这几位建筑师都不约而同地运用了这种具有不稳定因素的建筑形式。”——约翰逊和威格利,节选自当代艺术博物馆解构主义建筑书籍。
Theprojectsinthisexhibitionmarkadifferentsensibility,oneinwhichthedreamofpureformhasbeendisturbed.Itistheabilitytodisturbourthinkingaboutformthatmakestheseprojectsdeconstructive.Theshowexaminesanepisode,apointofintersectionbetweenseveralarchitectswhereeachconstructsanunsettlingbuildingbyexploitingthehiddenpotentialofmodernism.—PhillipJohnsonandMarkWigley,excerptfromtheMoMADeconstructivistArchitecturebook.
1988年解构主义建筑展览|1988DeconstructivismExhibition.ImageviaMoMA
FollowingDerrida’stheoriesandthe“avant-gardist”approachofRussianConstructivism,architectsbeganexploringspacesandvolumes.Thestylewascharacterizedbyalossofsymmetryorcontinuity.Itwasarchitectureonsteroids.Designruleswerebrokenand“formfollowsfunction”wasneglected,butsomehow,therefinementandeleganceofmodernismremained.Thestructure’sskinwasmanipulatedandalteredintounpredictablegeometricforms,butthebuilding’sfunctionwaspreserved.Basically,architectsbeganhavingfun,andinsteadofaskingthemselveswhetherthedesignwaspracticalornot,themainquestionwas:Whynot
弗兰克·盖里住宅|FrankGehryHouse.ImageLiaoYusheng
巴黎路易威登基金会艺术中心|LouisVuittonFoundation,FrankGehryArchitects.ImageToddEberle
安特卫普港口大楼|PortofficesofAntwerp,ZahaHadidArchitects.ImageHeleneBinet
但是,许多建筑师们都十分抗拒“解构主义”的标签。屈米认为,“所谓的‘运动’与‘风格’是对建筑师作品的断章取义,同时也是一种曲解”,因为这只是对于后现代主义风格的抗争。只是,公众仍然习惯将这种设计方式或是此类作品解读为“解构主义”。事实上,解构主义设计策略仍然让多项作品获得业内认可的荣誉与奖项,对于当代建筑师们仍然具有很大的影响。
However,mostarchitectshaverejectedthelabelofbeing“Deconstructivists”,distancingthemselvesfromanysortofmovement.BernardTschumibelievedthat“callingtheworkofthesearchitectsa‘movement’oranew‘style’wasoutofcontextandshowedalackofunderstandingtotheirideas”,claimingthatthestylewasmerelyamoveagainstpostmodernism.Unfortunatelyforthem,thetermresonatedwiththepublic,andtheirworkshavebeenreferredtoas“deconstructivist”eversince.Infact,theirDeconstructivistapproachtodesigncreatedsomeoftheworld’smosticonicandaward-winningstructurestodate,influencinghundredsofup-and-comingarchitects.
华特迪士尼音乐厅|WaltDisneyConcertHall.ImageCourtesyofGehryPartners,LLP
古根海姆博物馆|GuggenheimBilbao.ImagePeterKnaup
西班牙圣地亚哥-德孔波斯特拉的文化城|TheCityofCultureinSantiagodeCompostela,Spain.ImageCourtesyofEisenmanArchitects
欧洲被害犹太人纪念碑|Eisenman'sTheMemorialtotheMurderedJewsofEurope.ImageCourtesyofFlickruserdalberalicensedunderCCBY2.0