ElNifio,aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”,wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermanwhonoticedthattheglobalweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNifioseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.
Theweathereffectsbothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNifio,onbalance,thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNifioin1997helpedAmerican’seconomygrowby15billion,partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvest,farmersintheMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalinrichcountriesingrowththanthefallinpoorones.
ButinIndonesiaextremelydryforestsareinflames.Amulti-yeardrought(干旱）insouth-eastBrazilisbecomingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNinomayrelievethedroughtinCalifornia,theyarelikelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.
ThemostrecentpowerfulNino,in1997-98,killedaround21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth$36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNinoscomewithmonthsofwarning,andsomuchisknownabouthowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidencethatadollarspentonrisk-reductionsavesatleasttwoonreconstruction.
Simpleimprovementstoinfrastructure(基础设施）canreducethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers(下水道）makeitlesslikelythatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbadstomach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleftwithoutfoodandmedicineafterfloods.Accordingtoapaperin2011byMrHsiangandco-authors,civilconflictisrelatedtoElNino’sharmfuleffects—andthepoorerthecountry,thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationshipmaynotbecausal,helpingdividedcommunitiestopreparefordisasterswouldatleastreducetheriskthatthosedisastersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNino,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.
61.WhatcanwelearnaboutElNinoinParagraph1
A.ItisnamedafteraSouthAmericanfisherman.
B.Ittakesplacealmosteveryyearallovertheworld.
C.ItforcesfishermentostopcatchingfisharoundChristmas.
D.Itseesthechangesofwaterflowdirectionintheocean.
62.WhatmayElNinosbringabouttothecountriesaffected
A.Agriculturalharvestsinrichcountriesfall.
B.Droughtsbecomemoreharmfulthanfloods.
C.Richcountries’gainsaregreaterthantheirlosses.
D.Poorcountriessufferlessfromdroughtseconomically.
63.ThedataprovidedbyODIinParagraph4suggestthat_________.
A.moreinvestmentshouldgotoriskreduction
B.governmentsofpoorcountriesneedmoreaid
C.victimsofElNinodeservemorecompensation
D.recoveryandreconstructionshouldcomefirst
64.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage
A.TointroduceElNinoanditsorigin.
B.ToexplaintheconsequencesofElNino.
C.ToshowwaysoffightingagainstElNino.
D.TourgepeopletoprepareforElNino.
【答案】61.D62.C63.A64.D
【解析】本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后进行重新补救和恢复。
61．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句ElNinoseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.可知厄尔尼诺现象见证了海洋中水流方向的变化。故D正确。
62．细节理解题。根据第二段第二句RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNino,onbalance,thantheylose.可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处多于它带来的损失。C项正确。
63．推理判断题。根据第四段第三句AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.故A项正确。
64．目的意图题。根据最后一句＂SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNino,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.＂各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。
2.【2016·江苏】B
Chimps(黑猩猩)willcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct(本能)tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren.Whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.
Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon’tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreateffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighbortothenextcage,hewillpullatrandom---hejustdoesn’tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.
Humanchildren,ontheotherhandareextremelycorporative.Fromtheearliestages,theydecidetohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateaachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichaelTomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexpensivewithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanworriedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.
Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught.butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotrainchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligence.Developsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive（认知的）skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps..IntestsconductedbyTomtasell,thechildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtests,butwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld
Thecureofwhatchildren’smindshaveandchimps’don’tinwhatTomasellocallswhat.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa“we”,agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.
58.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexperimentwithchimps
A.Chimpsseldomcareaboutothers’interests.
B.Chimpstendtoprovidefoodfortheirchildren.
C.Chimpsliketotakeintheirneighbors’food.
D.Chimpsnaturallysharefoodwitheachother.
59.MichaelTomasello’stestsonyoungchildrenindicatethatthey____.
A.havetheinstincttohelpothers
B.knowhowtoofferhelptoadults
C.knowtheworldbetterthanchimps
D.trustadultswiththeirhandsfull
60.Thepassageismainlyabout____.
A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildren
B.waystotrainchildren’ssharedintentionality
C.cooperationasadistinctivehumannature
D.thedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren
【答案】58.A59.A60.C
【解析】本文从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。
59．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanworriedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.和第四段第一句Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.可知A项正确。
3.【2016·浙江】C
Ascientistworkingatherlabbenchandasix-oldbabyplayingwithhisfoodmightseemtohavelittleincommon.Afterall,thescientistisengagedinseriousresearchtouncovertheverynatureofthephysicalworld,andthebabyis,well,justplaying…rightPerhaps,butsomedevelopmentalpsychologistshavearguedthatthis“play”ismorelikeascientificinvestigationthanonemightthink.
Takeacloserlookatthebabyplayingatthetable.Eachtimethebowlofriceispushedoverthetableedge,it
fallsintheground---and,intheprocess,itbelongsoutimportantevidenceabouthowphysicalobjectsinteract;bowlsofricedonotfloodinmid-sit,butrequiresupporttoremainstable.Itislikelythatbabiesarenotbornknowingthebasicfactoftheuniverse;noraretheyeverclearlytaughtit.Instead,babiesmayformanunderstandingofobjectsupportthroughrepeatedexperimentsandthenbuildonthisknowledgetolearnevenmoreabouthowobjectsinteract.Thoughtheirrangesandtoolsdiffer,thebaby’sinvestigationandthescientist’sexperimentappeartosharethesameaim(tolearnaboutthenaturalworld),overallapproach(gatheringdirectevidencefromtheworld),andlogic(aremyobservationswhatIexpected).
Somepsychologistssuggestthatyoungchildrenlearnaboutmorethanjustthephysicalworldinthisway---thattheyinvestigatehumanpsychologyandtherulesoflanguageusingsimilarmeans.Forexample,itmayonlybethroughrepeatedexperiments,evidencegathering,andfinallyoverturningatheory,thatababywillcometoaccepttheideathatotherpeoplecanhavedifferentviewsanddesiresfromwhatheorshehas.forexample,unlikethechild,Mommyactuallydoesn’tlikeDovechocolate.
Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowsonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.WhydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalikePsychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort---thedesiretoexplore,explain,andunderstandourworld---issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Perhapsevolutionprovidedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds,andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitivesystemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit,”Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren.”
50.Accordingtosomedevelopmentalpsychologists,
A.ababy’splayisnothingmorethanagame.
B.scientificresearchintobabies;gamesispossible
C.thenatureofbabies’playhasbeenthoroughlyinvestigated
D.ababy’splayissomehowsimilartoascientist’sexperiment
51.WelearnfromParagraph2that
A.scientistsandbabiesseemtoobservetheworlddifferently
B.scientistsandbabiesofteninteractwitheachother
C.babiesarebornwiththeknowledgeofobjectsupport
D.babiesseemtocollectevidencejustasscientistsdo
52.Childrenmaylearntherulesoflanguageby
A.exploringthephysicalworldB.investigatinghumanpsychology
C.repeatingtheirownexperimentsD.observingtheirparents’behaviors
53.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph
A.Theworldmaybemoreclearlyexplainedthroughchildren’splay.
B.Studyingbabies’playmayleadtoabetterunderstandingofscience.
C.Childrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofigureoutthingsthanscientists.
D.One’sdriveforscientificresearchmaybecomestrongerashegrows.
54.Whatistheauthor’stonewhenhediscussestheconnectionbetweenscientists’researchandbabies’play
A.Convincing.B.Confused.C.Confidence.D.Cautious.
50.【答案】D
51.【答案】D
52.【答案】C
53.【答案】B
【解析】根据最后一段的句子viewingchildhooddevelopmentasscientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好的了解科学，故选B。
54.【答案】D
【解析】根据作者在文中的用词appearto和may来弱化绝对性的表达，和通过引用其他人的观点somepsychologistsuggest/arguethat可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。
4.【2016·天津】C
WhenJohnwasgrowingup,otherkidsfeltsorryforhim.Hisparentsalwayshadhimweedingthegarden,carryingoutthegarbageanddeliveringnewspapers.ButwhenJohnreachedadulthood,hewasbetteroffthanhischildhoodplaymates.Hehadmorejobsatisfaction,abettermarriageandwashealthier.Mostofall,hewashappier.Farhappier.
Thesearethefindingsofa40-yearstudythatfollowedthelivesof456teenageboysfromBoston.Thestudyshowedthatthosewhohadworkedasboysenjoyedhappierandmoreproductivelivesthanthosewhohadnot.“Boyswhoworkedinthehomeorcommunitygainedcompetence(能力)andcametofeeltheywereworthwhilemembersofsociety,”saidGeorgeVaillant,thepsychologist(心理学家)whomadethediscovery.“Andbecausetheyfeltgoodaboutthemselves,othersfeltgoodaboutthem.”
Vaillant’sstudyfollowedthesemalesingreatdetail.Interviewswererepeatedatages25,31and47.UnderVaillant,theresearcherscomparedthemen’smental-healthscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscores.Pointswereawardedforpart-timejobs,housework,effortinschool,andabilitytodealwithproblems.
46.WhatdoweknowaboutJohn
A.Heenjoyedhiscareerandmarriage.
B.Hehadfewchildhoodplaymates.
C.Hereceivedlittlelovefromhisfamily.
D.Hewasenviedbyothersinhischildhood.
47.Vaillant’swordsinParagraph2serveas_____.
A.adescriptionofpersonalvaluesandsocialvalues
B.ananalysisofhowworkwasrelatedtocompetence
C.anexampleforparents’expectationsoftheirchildren
D.anexplanationwhysomeboysgrewintohappymen
48.Vaillant’steamobtainedtheirfindingsby_____.
A.recordingtheboys’effortinschool
B.evaluatingthemen’smentalhealth
C.comparingdifferentsetsofscores
D.measuringthemen’sproblemsolvingability
49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sharp”probablymeaninParagraph4
A.Quicktoreact
B.Havingathinedge
C.Clearanddefinite
D.suddenandrapid
50.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph
A.competentadultsknowmoreaboutlovethanwork.
B.Emotionalhealthisessentialtoawonderfuladultlife.
C.Lovebringsmorejoytopeoplethanworkdoes.
D.Independenceisthekeytoone’ssuccess.
46.【答案】A
【解析】根据第一段的句子Hehadmorejobsatisfaction,abettermarriageandwashealthier.，可知，John喜欢他的事业和婚姻。故选A。
47.【答案】D
【解析】根据第二段的句子Boyswhoworkedinthehomeorcommunitygainedcompetenceandcametofeeltheywereworthwhilemembersofsociety，可知，第二段Vaillant的话是解释为什么一些男孩成长为快乐的人。故选D。
48.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的句子Theresearcherscomparedthemen’smental-healthscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscores，可知，Vaillant的团队获得他们的发现是通过对比不同的得分。故选C。
49.【答案】C
【解析】根据第四段的句子Thelinkbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowtheyturnedoutas
adultswassurprisinglysharp（这些人在孩子的时候做的事情和他们成人后是怎样的人之间的关联是令人惊讶地明显），结合下面一句进一步可知，这里sharp的意思是“明确的，一定的”。故选C。
50.【答案】B
【解析】根据最后一段的句子Onecanlivemagnificentlyinthisworldifoneknowshowtoworkandhow
toolove,toworkforthepersononelovesandtoloveone’swork，可知，情感健康对于好的成年人生活是基本的。故选B。
5.【2016·北京】D
WhyCollegeIsNotHome
Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday’sstudentsandarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.
Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasdecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol;guidanceandsupportneededhelpfrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades,however,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility,universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.
Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibility,collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves“tryingon”newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbothintellectually(在思维方面)andpersonally.Whileweshouldprovide“safespaces”withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredondebateandquestioning.
Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity(群体)differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcomplexcommunity.
Moreover,thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults:theresponsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefined(规定)andcontrolled,theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.
Itisnotsurprisingthatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout,particularlywhentherearereasonstodoso.Ourgenerationoncejoinedhandsandstoodfirmattimesofnationalemergency.Whatislackingtodayistheconflictbetweenadolescent’sdesireforautonomyandtheirunderstandingofanunsafeworld.Therefore,thereisthedesirefortheirdormstobereplacementhomesandnotplacestoexperienceintellectualgrowth.
Everycollegediscussionaboutcommunityvalues,socialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyandself-regulation,ofthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself-discovery.
67.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardcontinuedparentalguidancetocollegestudents
A.SympatheticB.Disapproving
C.SupportiveD.Neutral
68.Theunderlinedword“passage”inParagraph2means.
A.changeB.choice
C.textD.extension
69.Accordingtotheauthor,whatroleshouldcollegeplay
A.todevelopasharedidentityamongstudents
B.todefineandregulatestudents’socialbehavior
C.Toprovideasafeworldwithouttensionforstudents
D.Tofosterstudents’intellectualandpersonaldevelopment
70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage
【答案】67.B68.A69.D70.C
67．【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday’sstudentsarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.可知，大学时代应该是自主发展和准备成为成年人的重要时期。然而，现在他们正成为一个青春期的延长期，在这期间，当今的学生没有承担成年人的责任。作者认为，大学不应该成为孩子们依赖的“家”，故判断出作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子。故选B。
68．【答案】A【解析】根据“fromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility”可知，从受家庭的庇护到有自主性和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故判断出划线词的意思是“改变”的意思。故选A。
69．【答案】D【解析】根据第三段Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning.智力的增长和灵活性是通过严格的辩论和提问培养出来的。根据最后一段Everycollegediscussionaboutcommunityvalues,socialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyandself-regulation,ofthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself-discovery.每一个大学关于社区价值观、社会气氛和行为的讨论，都应该包括对学生自主和自我调节的发展重要性的认识，以及对安全和自我发现之间必要的张力的认识。由此判断出，根据作者，大学应该扮演培养学生的智力和个人发展的角色。故选D。
70．【答案】C【解析】通读全篇可知，第一段提出论点，大学发展应该是大学时代应该是自主发展和准备成为成年人的重要时期，但现在他们正成为一个青春期的延长期，当今的学生没有承担成年人的责任。第二段分析其原因，目前这一代人，大学阶段本应该是独立阶段，而父母包办过多。第三，四段从学校和个人角度如何培养责任感和社交能力。第五，六段是三四段的延伸。最后一段呼吁大学应该意识到培养学生自我发展和自我规范的重要性。结合选项，故选C项。
6.【2016·全国新课标III】D
Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearetheclassicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpapers.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadandmonitored(监控)indifferentways,researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeople’se-mailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.
“The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia,”saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania.“Theywantyoureyeballsanddon’tcarehowyou’refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.”
Researchersanalyzingword-of-mouthcommunication—e-mails,Webpostsandreviews,face-to-faceconversations—foundthatittendedtobemorepositivethannegative(消极的),butthatdidn’tnecessarilymeanpeoplepreferredpositivenews.WaspositivenewssharedmoreoftensimplybecausepeopleexperiencedmoregoodthingsthanbadthingsTotestforthatpossibility,Dr.Bergerlookedathowpeoplespreadaparticularsetofnewsstories:thousandsofarticlesonTheNewYorkTimes’website.HeandaPenncolleagueanalyzedthe“moste-mailed”listforsixmonths.Oneofhisfirstfindingswasthatarticlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannon-sciencearticles.HefoundthatscienceamazedTimes’readersandmadethemwanttosharethispositivefeelingwithothers.
Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.Theyneededtobearoused(激发)onewayortheother,andtheypreferredgoodnewstobad.Themorepositiveanarticle,themorelikelyitwastobeshared,asDr.Bergerexplainsinhisnewbook,“Contagious:WhyThingsCatchOn.”
12.Whatdotheclassicrulesmentionedinthetextapplyto
A.Newsreports.B.Researchpapers.
C.Privatee-mails.D.Dailyconversations．
13.WhatcanweinferaboutpeoplelikeDebbieDowner
A.They’resociallyinactive.
B.They’regoodattellingstories.
C.They’reinconsiderateofothers.
D.They’recarefulwiththeirwords.
14.Whichtendedtobethemoste-mailedaccordingtoDr.Berger’sresearch
A.Sportsnew.B.Sciencearticles.
C.Personalaccounts.D.Financialreviews.
15.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext
A.SadStoriesTravelFarandWide
B.OnlineNewsAttractsMorePeople
C.ReadingHabitsChangewiththeTimes
D.GoodNewsBeatsBadonSocialNetworks
【答案】12.A13.C14.B15.D
【解析】人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂，类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体。在网络普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。
12．【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段＂The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia＂可知，像＂itbleeds＂这样的传统说法适用于大众媒体，故选A。
13．【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据＂youcarealotmorehowtheyreact＂可知，你非常在乎朋友听完你讲的故事后的反应，根据＂Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.＂可知，你不想被当作一个＂DebbieDowner＂，说明DebbieDowner指的是＂一个不为他人考虑的人＂，故选C。
7.【2016·全国新课标III】C
Ifyouareafruitgrower—orwouldliketobecomeone—takeadvantageofAppleDaytoseewhat’saround.
It’scalledAppleDaybutinpracticeit’smorelikeAppleMonth.ThedayitselfisonOctober21,butsinceithascaughton,eventsnowspreadoutovermostofOctoberaroundBritain.
Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andoftentaste,awidevarietyofapples.TopeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarkets,itcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence,suchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.Althoughitdoesn’ttasteofanythingspecial,it’sstillworthatry,asistheknobbly(多疙瘩的)Cat’sHeadwhichismoreofacuriositythananythingelse.
Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette,butyou’llneedawarm,shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit,soit’sapipedreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.
Attheevents,youcanmeetexpertgrowersanddiscusswhichoneswillbestsuityourconditions,andbecausethesearefamilyaffairs,childrenarewellcateredforwithapple-themedfunandgames.
AppleDaysarebeingheldatallsortsofplaceswithaninterestinfruit,includingstatelygardensandcommercialorchards(果园).Ifyouwanttohavearealorchardexperience,tryvisitingtheNationalFruitCollectionatBrogdale,nearFavershaminKent.
8.Whatcanpeopledoattheappleevents
A.Attendexperts’lectures.B.Visitfruit-lovingfamilies.
C.Plantfruittreesinanorchard.D.Tastemanykindsofapples.
9.WhatcanwelearnaboutDecio
A.Itisanewvariety.B.Ithasastrangelook.
C.Itisrarelyseennow.D.Ithasaspecialtaste.
10.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“apipedream”inParagraph3mean
A.Apracticalidea.B.Avainhope.
C.Abrilliantplan.D.Aselfishdesire.
11.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext
A.Toshowhowtogrowapples.
B.Tointroduceanapplefestival.
C.Tohelppeopleselectapples.
D.Topromoteappleresearch.
【答案】8.D9.C10.B11.B
9．【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。由第二段的最后一句可知选C。
10.【答案】B【解析】猜测词义题。由第三段内容可知选B。
11．【答案】B【解析】写作意图题。根据第一段“ifyouareafruitgrower—orwouldliketobecomeone—takeadvantageofAppleDaytoseewhat’saround.”和最后一段“Ifyouwanttohavearealorchardexperience,tryvisitingtheNationalFruitCollectionatBrogdale,nearFavershaminKent.”可知，作者向读者介绍了一个节日—AppleDay，并推荐人们参加这个节日，故选B。
8.【2016·全国新课标II】C
Readingcanbeasocialactivity.Thinkofthepeoplewhobelongtobookgroups.Theychoosebookstoreadandthenmeettodiscussthem.Now,thewebsiteBookCrossing.comturnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookgroup.
Membersgoonthesiteandregisterthebookstheyownandwouldliketoshare.BookCrossingprovidesanidentificationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit.
BrucePederson,themanagingdirectorofBookCrossing,says,“Thetwothingsthatchangeyourlifearethepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.BookCrossingcombinesboth.”
Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses,intrainstationsandcoffeeshops.Whoeverfindstheirbookwillgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit.
Peoplewhofindabookcanalsoleaveajournalentrydescribingwhattheythoughtofit.E-mailsarethensenttotheBookCrossingtokeepthemupdatedaboutwheretheirbookshavebeenfound.Brucepetersonsaystheideaisforpeoplenottobeselfishbykeepingabooktogatherdustonashelfathome.
BookCrossingispartofatrendamongpeoplewhowanttogetbacktothe“real”andnotthevirtual(虚拟).Thesitenowhasmorethanonemillionmembersinmorethanonehundredthirty-fivecountries.
9.Whydoestheauthormentionbookgroupsinthefirstparagraph
A.Toexplainwhattheyare.
B.TointroduceBookCrossing.
C.Tostresstheimportanceofreading.
D.Toencouragereaderstosharetheirideas.
10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph2referto
A.Thebook.B.Anadventure.
C.Apublicplace.D.Theidentificationnumber.
11.WhatwillaBookCrosserdowithabookafterreadingit
A.Meetotherreaderstodiscussit.B.Keepitsafeinhisbookcase.
C.Passitontoanotherreader.D.Mailitbacktoitsowner.
12.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext
A.OnlineReading:AVirtualTourB.ElectronicBooks:AnewTrend
C.ABookGroupBringsTraditionBackD.AWebsiteLinksPeoplethroughBooks
【答案】9.B10.A11.C12.D
9．推理判断题。根据"NowthewebsiteBookCrossing．comturnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookgroup．"（现在websiteBookCrossing.com为书群的想法翻开了新的篇章）可知作者在第一段提到书群是为了介绍图书漂流这个网站。故选B项。
10．词义猜测题。根据"Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace，hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure，travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit．"（然后这个人把书放在公共场所，希望这本书可以有一个奇旅，因为每一个发现它的阅读者可以走的更远更宽）根据句意可知，it是指前半句提到的同一事物"thebook"。故选A项。
11．推理判断题。根据“Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses，intrainstationsandcoffeeshops．Whoeverfindstheirbookwillgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit．”（成员可以把书留在公园长凳上，公交车上，火车站和咖啡厅。发现书的人就去网站登记他们在哪找到它的）可知，他们把书放在那些地方的目的，就是让其他人能够找到并且阅读。选项中和该目的相近的是B项：把书传递给另一个人。故选B项。
12．主旨大意题。这是一篇说明文，目的主要是介绍网站，所以答案应该以网站为中心。再根据"Thetwothingsthatchangeyourlifearethepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread．BookCrossingcombinesboth"可知该网站可以把人和书联系在一起。故选D项。
9.【2016·全国新课标I】D
Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(间隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandinga
person'sneeds.ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassome
traditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingand
suddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.
Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.
Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatient’ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing(治愈)valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.
12.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsilenceinconversations
A.Itimpliesanger.
B.Itpromotesfriendship.
C.Itisculture-specific.
D.Itiscontent-based.
13.Whichofthefollowingpeoplemightregardsilenceasacallforcarefulthought
A.TheChinese.
B.TheFrench.
C.TheMexicans.
D.TheRussians.
14.Whatdoestheauthoradvisenursestodoaboutsilence
A.Letitcontinueasthepatientpleases.
B.Breakitwhiletreatingpatients.
C.Evaluateitsharmtopatients.
D.Makeuseofitshealingeffects.
15.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext
A.SoundandSilence
B.WhatItMeanstoBeSilent
C.SilencetoNativeAmericans
D.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold
【答案】12．C13．A14．D15．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段中whatmaybeimpliedisthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing可知中国人认为谈话时人们沉默是在思考。
14．细节理解题。根据末段末句Anursewhounderstandsthehealingvalueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatients可知，作者建议护士要用沉默来治疗病人。故选D。
10.【2016·全国新课标I】B
GrandparentsAnsweraCall
AsathirdgenerationnativeofBrownsville,Texas,MildredGarzaneverpleasedmoveaway,.EvenwhenherdaughterandsonaskedhertomovetoSanAntoniotohelptheirchildren,shepolitelyrefused.OnlyafterayearoffriendlydiscussiondidMsGaffinallysayyes.Thatwasfouryearsago.Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemovetoasuccess,givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.
NostatisticsshowthenumberofgrandparentslikeGarzawhoaremovingclosertothechildrenandgrandchildren.Yetthereisevidencesuggestingthatthetrendisgrowing.EvenPresidentObama’smother-in-law,MarianRobinson,hasagreedtoleaveChicagoandintotheWhiteHousetohelpcareforhergranddaughters.Accordingtoastudygrandparentscom.83percentofthepeoplesaidMrs.Robinson‘sdecisionwillinfluencethegrandparentsintheAmericanfamily.Two-thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowtheexampleofObama’sfamily.
“inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenoughfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown,”saysChristineCrosby,publisherofgratemagazineforgrandparents.Wenowrealizehowimportantfamilyisandhowimportant””tobenearthem,especiallywhenyou’rerainingchildren.”
Movingisnotforeveryone.Almosteverygrandparentwantstobewithhisorhergrandchildrenandiswillingtomakesacrifices,butsometimesitiswisertosaynoandvisitfrequentlyinstead.Havingyourgrandchildrenfarawayishard,especiallyknowingyouradultchildisstruggling,butgivingupthelifeyouknowmaybeharder.
5.WhywasGarza’smoveasuccess
A．Itstrengthenedherfamilyties.
B．Itimprovedherlivingconditions.
C．Itenabledhermakemorefriends.
D．Ithelpedherknowmorenewplaces.
6.WhatwasthereactionofthepublictoMrs.Robinson’sdecision
A．17%expressedtheirsupportforit.
B．Fewpeoplerespondedsympathetically.
C．83%believedithadabadinfluence.
D．Themajoritythoughtitwasatrend.
7.WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s
A．Theywereunsureofraisemorechildren.
B．Theywereeagertoraisemorechildren.
C．Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.
D．Theybadlittlerespectfortheirgrandparent.
8.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdointhelasrparagraph
A.Makedecisionsinthebestinterests'oftheirown
B.Asktheirchildrentopaymorevisitstothem
C.Sacrificefortheirstrugglingchildren
D.Gettoknowthemselvesbetter
【答案】5．A6．D7．C8．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势。同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。
5．细节理解题。根据首段末句可知，MildredGarza搬到离孩子近的地方居住让他们的关系更密切，一家人认为这是一个成功的事情。故选A。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段末句Two-thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowtheexampleofObama’sfamily可知，很多人会受MarianRobinson的影响，所以这会形成一种潮流。故选D。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段首句可知，在20世纪60年代人们都希望离开家，以此来证明自己的独立。故选C。
8．推理判断题。根据末段推知，作者建议人们要明智，不要为了孩子而做出牺牲。故选A。
11.【2016·全国新课标I】A
YouprobablyknowwhoMarieCuriewas,butyoumaynothaveheardofRachelCarson.Oftheoutstandingladieslistedbelow,whodoyouthinkwasthemostimportantwomanofthepast100years
JaneAddams(1860-1935)
AnyonewhohaseverbeenhelpedbyasocialworkerhasJaneAddamstothank.Addanshelpedthepoorandworkedforpeace.Sheencouragedasenseofcommunity(社区)bycreatingsheltersandpromotingeducationandservicesforpeopleinneedIn1931,AddamsbecamethefirstAmericanwomantowintheNobelPeacePrize.
RachelCarson(1907-1964)
Ifitweren’tforRachelCarson,theenvironmentalmovementmightnotexisttoday.Herpopular1962bookSilentSpringraisedawarenessofthedangersofpollutionandtheharmfuleffectsofchemicalsonhumansandontheworld’slakesandoceans.
SandraDayO’Connor(1930-present)
WhenSandraDayO’ConnorfinishedthirdinherclassatStanfordLawSchool,in1952,shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman.ShebecameanArizonastatesenator(参议员)and,in1981,thefirstwomantojointheU.S.SupremeCourt.O’Connorgavethedecidingvoteinmanyimportantcasesduringher24yearsonthetopcourt.
RosaParks(1913-2005)
OnDecember1,1955,inMontgomery,Alabama,RasaParkswouldnotgiveupherseatonabustoapassenger.HersimpleactlandedParksinprison.ButitalsosetofftheMontgmerybusboycott.Itlastedformorethanayear,andkickedoffthecivil-rightsmovement.“TheonlytiredIwas,wastiredofgivingin,”saidParks.
1.WhatisJaneAddamsnotedforinhistory
A.Hersocialwork.
B.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.
C.Hereffortstowinaprize.
D.Hercommunitybackground.
2.WhatisthereasonforO’Connor’sbeingrejectedbythelawfirm
A.Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.
B.Herlittleworkexperienceincourt.
C.Thediscriminationagainstwomen.
D.Thepoorfinancialconditions.
3.Whomadeagreatcontributiontothecivil-rightsmovementintheUS
A.JaneAddams.B.RachelCarson.C.SandraDayO’Connor.D.RosaParks.
4.Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext
A.Theyarehighlyeducated.B.Theyaretrulycreative.
C.Theyarepioneers.D.Theyarepeace-lovers.
【答案】1．A2．C3．D4．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了几位著名的女性，她们在各自的领域做出了非凡的贡献。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段首句可知她是一位社会工作者，而且获得诺贝尔和平奖。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段中shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman可知，她因为是女性而被法律公司拒绝录用。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据末段倒数第二句中andkickedoffthecivil-rightsmovement可知，RosaParks对民权运动做出了贡献。故选D。
城南校区：泉州市鲤城区天后路40号金山校区：新华南路金山南区江南校区：金龙街道高山社区