ABriefHistoryoftheUnitedStates2021/5/91IntroductionTheDiscoveryofAmericaTheWarofIndependenceWestwardExpansionTheAmericanCivilWarTheGreatDepressionTheWorldWarII
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/922021/5/931.在两万多年前,有一批来自亚洲的流浪者,经由北美到中南美洲,这些人就是印第安人Indians的祖先。
2.大约1万年前,又有另一批亚洲人,移居到北美北部,这是后来的爱斯基摩人Eskimo
3.最早到美洲的白种人大概是维京人theVikings,他们是一群喜好冒险的捕渔人。
4.1492年10月12日哥伦布发现美洲大陆(十五世纪)。
BeforetheColonialPeriod2021/5/94TheDiscoveryofAmerica
ColumbusIn1492,ColumbuslandedatoneoftheCaribbean(加勒比海)islands.ColumbuscalledthelocalpeopleIndians.
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/95AmerigoVespucci
阿美利哥韦斯普奇(意大利航海家,商人,美洲新大陆以其命名为America)
Hefirstconfirmedthefactthatanewcontinenthadbeendiscovered.TheNewWorldwasnamedAmericatohonorAmerigoVespucci.IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/96TheColonialPeriod1.一个102人的殖民团体,在乞沙比克海滩建立了詹姆士镇,这是英国在北美所建的第一个永久性殖民地。(五月花号公约)2.每逢11月第四个星期四,美国人民便迎来了自己最重要的传统民俗节日——感恩节。3.18世纪中叶,13个英国殖民地逐渐形成,他们在英国的最高主权下有各自的政府和议会.这13个殖民区因气候和地理环境的差异,造成了各地经济形态、政治制度与观念上的差别。2021/5/97TheFirstPermanentEnglishColony
In1607ThreeshipscrossedtheAtlanticOceanandlandedbythesideofariver--theJamesRiver
杰姆斯河.ThefirstEnglishcolonywasfoundedatJamestown詹姆斯顿,Virginia维吉尼亚州.
ThepatternoftheThanksgivingcelebrationhasneverchangedthroughtheyears.Thebigfamilydinnerisplannedmonthsahead.Onthedinnertable,peoplewillfindapples,oranges,walnutsandgrapes.Therewillbeplumpudding,mincepie,othervarietiesoffoodandcranberryjuiceandsquash.Thebestandmostattractiveamongthemareroastturkeyandpumpkinpie.TheyhavebeenthemosttraditionalandfavoritefoodonThanksgivingDaythroughouttheyears.2021/5/912TheFoundingoftheThirteenColoniesDuringthefirst150years,theBritishcoloniesinNorthAmericabecamea“meltingpot”.Bytheearly1760s,Englishsettlershadestablished13coloniesalongtheAtlanticcoast.
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/913TheBirthoftheUnitedStatesTheConflictbetweenBritainandtheAmericanColonists
TheWarofIndependence
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/914TheConflictbetweenBritainandtheAmericanColonistsBackgroundTheBritishgovernmentstartedimposingnewtaxesonsugar,coffeeandtextiles(纺织业).TheypassedmanylawssuchastheQuarteringAct(驻军法案)andtheStampAct(印花税法).
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/915BostonTeaParty
波士顿倾茶事件BackgroundIn1773,Britishgovernmentpassedanewlaw---theTeaAct茶叶法.Slogan
“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”“没有代表权,就不得征税”是独立战争期间北美殖民地人民喊出的最为响亮的口号。这句口号原本是英国政治的基本原则,在英国贵族与王室的斗争中使用过,但独立战争期间被殖民者用来捍卫自己的权利。
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/916BostonTeaParty
“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/917BostonTeaParty
波士顿倾茶事件Time
December16,1773EventAgroupofAmericansthrew342boxesofteaintoBostonHarbor(波士顿港)波士顿倾茶事件(BostonTeaParty)英国议会大怒,通过一系列被殖民地视为不可容忍的法令。英王对北美人民反抗的血腥镇压,使殖民地人民与英国王室和解的幻想彻底破灭,“要求独立”成为北美殖民地人民的普遍呼声。
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/918TheWarofIndependenceTime1775—1783ResultTheBritishsoldierswereforcedtosurrender.ConsequencesGeorgeWashingtonbecamethefirstPresident.The4thofJulybecamethenationalholidayofAmerica---theIndependenceDay.
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/919
TheDeclarationofIndependence
独立宣言
OnJuly4,1776theSecondContinentalCongressofficiallydeclaredindependenceandformedtheUnitedStatesofAmericabyadoptingtheDeclarationofIndependence,writtenbyThomasJefferson托马斯·杰斐逊ofVirginia维吉尼亚.ThomasJefferson
anAmericanFoundingFather,theprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence.美利坚合众国第三任总统(1801年—1809年)2021/5/920
July4iscelebratedasthenation'sbirthday
The4thofJulybecamethenationalholidayofAmerica---theIndependenceDay2021/5/921TheWarofIndependence
CompleteaTimeline1763:TheFrenchandIndianWarended1773:_______________________________1774:TheFirstContinentalCongress大陆会议1775:________________________________1776:________________________________1783:________________________________BostonTeaParty/TeaActTheWarofIndependencebeganDeclarationofIndependencewasadoptedTheWarofIndependenceended
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/922TheFoundingofaNewNation美利坚合众国宪法(TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates),又称为美国宪法(U.S.Constitution)。美国宪法是世界上第一部成文宪法。1787年5月,美国各州(当时为13个)代表在费城(Philadelphia)召开制宪会议,同年9月15日制宪会议通过《美利坚合众国宪法》。1789年3月4日,该宪法正式生效。后又附加了27条宪法修正案。依据第一部宪法,乔治.华盛顿被选举为美国第一任总统。2021/5/923美国宪法的序言(Preamble)只有一句话,由52个单词构成:WethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishJustice,insuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefence,promotethegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.2021/5/924“我们合众国人民,为建立更完善的联盟,树立正义,保障国内安宁,提供共同防务,促进公共福利,并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福,特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。”2021/5/925WestwardExpansion–“ManifestDestiny”西进运动
1.Thehardshipofearlypioneersettlers–OregonTrail(俄勒冈小道)
Thetriponfoottookfourtosixmonths.
2021/5/926昭昭天命(英语:ManifestDestiny),为惯用措词,表达美国凭借天命,散播民主自由的信念。昭昭天命的拥护者们认为美国在领土和影响力上的扩张不仅明显(Manifest),且本诸不可违逆之天数(Destiny)。昭昭天命最初为十九世纪时的政治警句(catchphrase),后来成为标准的历史名辞,意义通常等于美国横贯北美洲,直达太平洋的领土扩张。
2021/5/927西进运动(WestwardMovement)是美国人民由北美东部向西部地区开发、移居的过程。它始自美国建国后,当初移民越过阿巴拉契亚山脉,进入密西西比河以东地区,从19世纪20年代起,移民开始越过密西西比河,进入美国新扩张的地区,40年代,加利福尼亚发现金矿,形成移民的“加利福尼亚热”。1857年第一次世界性经济危机发生,美国东部地区大批工人面临失业,大量饥民在全国流浪,许多人满怀对土地的渴望涌向西部。1862年,林肯政府颁布了《宅地法》,将西进运动推向新高潮。19世纪末20世纪初,西进运动结束。2021/5/928运动本质:是一个不断向西部移民、扩张领土的过程是一个经济开发过程是美国工业革命所独具的特点是美国人民艰苦创业的过程也是驱杀土著居民印第安人的运动2021/5/929《大地雄心》FarandAway汤姆·克鲁斯和妮可·基德曼主演2021/5/930CaliforniaGoldRush加州淘金者
PeopletraveledtoCaliforniainthesearchforquickrich.Thenumberofwestwardmigrantsmultiplied.2021/5/931TheAmericanCivilWar南北战争Northernvs.SouthernAbrahamLincoln
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/932Northernvs.SouthernThreesignificantconflictsbetweentheNorthandSouthofAmerica.TheslaveproblemDifferenteconomicinterestsThepoliticalconflictMajorissueSlavery
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/933Northernvs.SouthernTheSouthernstates
ClaimedforthemselvestheConfederateStates(ortheConfederacy)
Slavery
continuedTheNorthernStatesFoughttomaintaintheUnionCalledtheUnionStatesSlaveryhadbeenabolished
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/934Northernvs.SouthernIssuesSouthernStatesNorthernStatesEconomyPlantations__________centerSlavery__________AbolishedPoliticalpowerMorepowerful__________powerfulSupportTheConfederacy____________Manufacturing
Continued
Less
TheUnion
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/935AbrahamLincoln
March1861--tooktheofficeofthepresident.April12,1861--theCivilWarbegan.September22,1862--issuedthe
Emancipation
Proclamation解放宣言whichgrantedfreedomtoabout4millionslaves.
MadeafamousspeechinGettysburg葛底斯堡.GettysburgAdress
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/936TheCivilWaronApril9,1865TheCivilWarofficiallyendedwiththeunconditionalsurrenderoftheSouth.ConsequenceItresolvedtwofundamentalissues:Slaverywascompletelyabolished;Americabecameasingleandstrongernation.
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture2021/5/937参战方美利坚合众国(联邦即北方)美利坚联盟国(邦联即南方)指挥官亚伯拉罕·林肯杰佛逊·戴维斯
尤里西斯·格兰特
罗伯特·李
兵力
2,200,000人1,064,000人伤亡总死亡人数360,000人总死亡人258,000人,
110,000人阵亡(作战死亡)93,000人阵亡(作战死亡),
“Firstofall,letmeassertmyfirmbeliefthattheonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself-nameless,unreasoning,unjustifiedterrorwhichparalyzesneededeffortstoconvertretreatintoadvance.”2021/5/9421.theEarlyPhasesoftheNewDealTobringimmediaterelieftothosewhoweresuffering