Criticaltheoryisaschoolofthoughtthatstressesthereflectiveassessmentandcritiqueofsocietyandculturebyapplyingknowledgefromthesocialsciencesandthehumanities.Asaterm,criticaltheoryhastwomeaningswithdifferentoriginsandhistories:thefirstoriginatedinsociologyandthesecondoriginatedinliterarycriticism,wherebyitisusedandappliedasanumbrellatermthatcandescribeatheoryfoundeduponcritique;thus,thetheoristMaxHorkheimerdescribedatheoryascriticalinsofarasitseeks"toliberatehumanbeingsfromthecircumstancesthatenslavethem."
1.批判理论
2.publicchoicetheory
Publicchoiceorpublicchoicetheoryrefersto"theuseofeconomictoolstodealwithtraditionalproblemsofpoliticalscience".Itscontentincludesthestudyofpoliticalbehavior.Inpoliticalscience,itisthesubsetofpositivepoliticaltheorythatstudiesself-interestedagents(voters,politicians,bureaucrats)andtheirinteractions,whichcanberepresentedinanumberofways,suchasstandardconstrainedutilitymaximization,gametheory,ordecisiontheory.Publicchoiceanalysishasrootsinpositiveanalysis("whatis")butisoftenusedfornormativepurposes("whatoughttobe")inordertoidentifyaproblemorsuggestimprovementstoconstitutionalrules(i.e.,constitutionaleconomics).
2.公共选择理论
3.attachmenttheory
Attachmenttheoryisapsychologicalmodelthatattemptstodescribethedynamicsoflong-terminterpersonalrelationshipsbetweenhumans.However,‘attachmenttheoryisnotformulatedasageneraltheoryofrelationships.Itaddressesonlyaspecificfacet’(Watersetal.2005:81):howhumanbeingsrespondwithinrelationshipswhenhurt,separatedfromlovedones,orperceivingathreat.Ininfants,attachmentasamotivationalandbehavioralsystemdirectsthechildtoseekproximitywithafamiliarcaregiverwhentheyarealarmed,withtheexpectationthattheywillreceiveprotectionandemotionalsupport.Bowlbybelievedthatthetendencyforprimateinfantstodevelopattachmentstofamiliarcaregiverswastheresultofevolutionarypressures,sinceattachmentbehaviorwouldfacilitatetheinfant’ssurvivalinthefaceofdangerssuchaspredationorexposuretotheelements.
3.依附理论
依附理论是一种心理学、演化、动物行为学理论，旨在探讨“人际关系”：二或多个个体间的感情纽带。依附理论最重要的原则是，幼童因为社会与情感需求，而至少与一名主要照顾者发展出亲近关系，否则将造成其心理与交际功能长久的不健全。此理论是由精神病学家、精神分析学家约翰·鲍比所提出。